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DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 587 
extremity of the astragalus and the inner surface of the backwardly projecting os calcis. 
4. The middle and deep internal fasciculus of the astragalo-calcaneal articulations lies 
in front of that designated as no. 3. It differs in direction from the other two internal 
ligaments, inasmuch as it passes deeply inwards, downwards, and forwards. The 
attachments are the inner anterior surface of the posterior calcaneal protuberance and 
the upper surface of the neck of the astragalus (vide a.c‘, fig. 39). 
Action. These four astragalo-calcaneal ligaments, together with the middle fasci- 
culus of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint, harmoniously restrain the 
gliding movement of the os calcis upon the calcaneum to that of an out and inward 
oscillation, but somewhat of an excentric kind. 
Calcaneo-scaphoid ligaments.—As in Man, two ligaments connect the caleaneum and 
the scaphoid, although the bones themselves do not come into contact. 
1. The dorsal one (fig. 40, ¢.s') is broad and aponeurotic, passing from the upper 
surface of the head of the calcaneum inwards and forwards to the posterior border of 
the os scaphoides, but with an attachment also to the head of the caleaneum. This 
ligament is in connexion with the astragalo-scaphoid, and partly covers the accessory 
portion of the anterior ligament. 2. The plantar ligament (fig. 39, ¢.s*) is uncommonly 
strong, indeed, and of great breadth. Posteriorly it is attached to the anterior and 
inner border of the calcaneum (the sustentaculum tali of writers on human anatomy); 
broadening as it proceeds forwards and inwards, it is inserted into the entire hinder edge 
of the scaphoid. 
Action. The two ligaments just described, the plantar one of which is continued, as 
it were, on to the two small muscles situated on the internal cuneiform bone, would 
seem to carry, through the intervention of the scaphoid, a powerful influence on the 
steadiness and strength of the foot. It is the case of a long lever, the scaphoid acting 
as a fulcrum to transmit to the hallux that power of flexion and adduction which is 
seen every time the foot is thrown forwards in walking, as also in some of the feathering 
movements of swimming. 
The astragalo-scaphoid ligament is bound up with the dorsal calcaneo-scaphoid 
ligament, as has been mentioned. 
Calcaneo-cuboid ligaments——Three short, but nevertheless strong, bands attach the 
calcaneum and cuboid in ligamentous union. 
1. The superior ligament (figs. 39, 40, ¢.c’), which is placed partially on the dorsum 
and partly on the plantar surface of the foot, passes from the anterior outer process of 
the os calcis to the outer and upper surface of the cuboid. 2. The superficial fasciculus 
of the plantar ligament (which in Man receives the name of the long plantar ligament) 
is here only of moderate length, and less than half an inch in breadth (c.c’, fig. 39). 
Arising from the anterior inferior surface of the calcaneum, the ligament continues 
forwards and slightly outwards, being inserted into the tuberosity of the cuboid bone. 
3. The deep plantar calcaneo-cuboid ligament (c.c’) is quite as strong as the preceding, 
