388 THE COCKROACH. 
There are about seven or eight European species, some of them being of very small size. 
T have often seen them flying about at midday, when they might easily be mistaken for 
beetles. They have several times alighted on the sleeve of my coat, and afforded good oppor- 
tunities of watching the curious manner in which the wings are tucked under their cases. 
The largest species is the Giant Karwig. It is of very rare occurrence, and seldom seen, as it 
only inhabits the sea-shore, and never shows itself until dusk. 
GRASSHOPPERS, LOCUS ES. CEyiC Ker ts) aril rr 
OUR AEE © Pa Ei rueas. 
A LARGE and important order succeeds the Earwigs, containing some of the finest and, at 
the same time, the most grotesquely formed members of the insect tribe. In this order we 
include the grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, cockroaches, and leaf and stick insects ; and its 
members are known by the thick, parchment-like upper wings, with their stout veinings and 
their overlapping tips. As in all the orders, there are exceptional species, wherein one or 
more of these attributes are wanting. But the characters are in themselves constant, and in 
most cases the indications of the missing member can be found. For example, many species 
never obtain wings at all, in many others the males only are furnished with these organs, and 
in others they are so small as to escape a casual notice. 
THE first family of Orthoptera is the Blattidee, a group of insects familiar under the title 
of Cockroaches. 
In these insects the body is flattened, the antennze are long and thread-like, and the per- 
fect wings are only to be found in the adult male. The common CockKRoacu, so plentiful in 
our kitchens, and so well known under the erroneous name of black-beetle—its color being 
dirty-red, and its rank not that of a beetle—is supposed to have been brought originally from 
India, and to have found itself in such good quarters that it has overspread the land in all 
directions. 
The Cockroaches are particularly fond of heat, and are found in greatest abundance in 
kitchens, bake-houses, and other places where the temperature is always high. They are noc- 
turnal in their habits, very seldom making their appearance by daylight, but leaving their 
hiding-piaces in swarms as soon as darkness brings their day. On board ship they become an 
almost intolerable nuisance, pouring out of the many hiding-places afforded to them by a 
ship’s timbers as soon as the lights are put out, and drive sleep far away by their pestilent” 
odor and their continual crawling over the face and limbs of those who are vainly endeavoring 
to seek repose. 
Together with the rats and mice, these insects sometimes increase to such an unbearable 
extent, that, when the vessel comes to a port, the crew are sent on shore, pots of lighted 
sulphur are placed in the hold, and the hatches battened down for four-and-twenty hours. 
This severe treatment kills all the rats and mice and all the existing generation of Cockroaches, 
and is so far a temporary relief. But the eggs, which are laid in great profusion, retain the 
elements of life, in spite of the sulphureous fumes; and in a few months the ship will be 
nearly as much overrun as before with these pests. 
There are several means of destroying the Cockroaches in houses, and if they are per- 
severingly carried out, a dwelling may be kept comparatively free from them. The common 
red wafers, if scattered over the floor, are rapid and effectual poison to these insects, and meal 
mixed with plaster of Paris has the same effect. Traps, too, can be readily made by twisting 
a funnel of paper, putting it into the neck of a jar with a little sugar and water at the bottom, 
and laying slips of wood or pasteboard as ladders by which the Cockroaches can reach the 
treacherous banquet. Those that enter will never escape with life, and the quickest way of 
killing them is to pour boiling water into the jar. 
