SILK-PRODUCING INSECTS. 421 
THe well-known Goat-morHu is, next to the death’s-head moth, one of the largest of the 
British Lepidoptera, its body being thick, stout, and massive, and its wings wide and spreading, 
Some readers may perhaps have observed certain large, round holes in the trunks of trees 
into which a finger can be readily thrust, and out of which an empty chrysalis case often 
projects. These are the burrows made by the caterpillar of the Goat-moth, and often are very 
destructive to the trees. The larva itself is but little smaller than that of the death’s-head 
moth, and is by no means an attractive-looking creature. Its body is smooth and shining, mostly 
of dull mahogany-red tinged with ochreous-yellow, and having a large oval patch of chestnut 
on the back of each segment. It is gifted with a curiously wedge-shaped head, and its mus- 
cular power is enormous, as may be proved by actual experiment during the life of the creature, 
or inferred from the marvellous arrangement of muscles which are made visible upon dissection. 
It exudes a liquid of powerful and fetid odor, thought by some to resemble the unpleasant 
effluvium exhaled by the he-goat. Its influence extends to a considerable distance, and a 
practised entomologist will often detect the presence of a Goat-moth caterpillar simply by the 
aid of the nostrils. In spite, however, of the repulsive aspect and unpleasant odor, this 
creature is thought to be the celebrated Cossus of the ancients, a grub which was found on 
trees, and, when dressed after some particular fashion, was looked upon as a very great 
dainty. 
A much smaller moth, the Woop Lroparp, is a very prettily-marked insect, though 
without the least brilliancy of color. The caterpillar of this insect feeds upon the interior of 
many trees, seeming to prefer the wood of the apple, pear, and other fruit-trees. It is a naked, 
fleshy-looking larva, of a light yellow color, and having a double row of black spots upon each 
segment. Like the goat-moth, it prepares a cocoon-like cell when it is about to take the pupal 
form, but the lining is of stronger materials, cemented firmly together with a glutinous sub- 
stance secreted by the insect. The moth is seldom seen until July, and is tolerably plentiful 
in some places, appearing to be decidedly local and rather intermittent in its visits. 
Tue family of the Bombycidéz includes several insects of inestimable value to mankind, 
the various silk-producing moths being included in its ranks. The common silk-worm is the 
most useful of all of them. The accompanying oleograph is a true illustration of this familiar 
insect. The valuable results of its habits are too well known to need any description. But as 
it is not generally known that upwards of forty silk-producing moths exist in different parts 
of the world, a short history will be given of some of them, together with a brief description of 
one of the finest species. 
All these insects secrete the silk in two large intestine-like vessels in the interior, which 
contain a gelatinous kind of substance, and become enormously large just before the cater- 
pillar is about to change intoa pupa. Both the silk organs unite in a common tube at the 
mouth, technically called the spinneret, and through this tube the semi-liquid is ejected. As 
soon as it comes into contact with the air it hardens into that soft, shining fibre with which 
we are so familiar. Ifa single fibre of silk be examined through a good microscope, it will be 
seen to consist of two smaller fibres laid parallel to each other, like the barrels of a double 
gun, this structure being due to the double secreting vessels. The goodness of silk chiefly 
consists in the manner in which these semi-fibres are placed together. Silk-worm ‘‘ gut,”’ as 
it is called by anglers, is made by steeping the caterpillars in strong vinegar for a time, and 
then pulling them suddenly until they elongate into the well-known threads to which hooks 
are attached. 
The caterpillar employs the silk for the purpose of constructing a cocoon in which it can 
lie until it has assumed the perfect form ; and proceeds with wonderful regularity and dispatch 
in its work, its head passing from side to side, always carrying with it a thread, and the cocoon 
being gradually formed into the oval shape which it finally assumes. The few outermost 
layers are always rough and of poor quality ; these are stripped off, and the end of the thread 
being found, it is fastened to a wheel, and spun off into a hank of soft yellow fibre. The 
coloring matter is very variable, sometimes being hardly visible, and at others giving the silk 
a bright orange tint. It fades much on exposure to light. 
