THE HYDROIDS. 557 
The whole history of these remarkable animals is curious and interesting in the extreme, 
for not only do they exhibit some of the most graceful shapes and pleasing hues that can add 
beauty to a living being, but they also afford examples of the earlier forms of organs and 
members which in the higher animals attain their fullest development. 7 
When they have attained their adult condition, they roam the seas freely, though in 
their earlier stages they are fixed to one spot and assume a shape quite unlike that of 
their parent. 
The function of nutrition is carried on in these animals in a method sufficiently simple. 
They are furnished with a cavity, corresponding to the stomach of higher animals, in which 
the food is placed, and from which a number of diverging vessels convey the nutritive 
fluid to the rest of the body. 

> LEE ON OP F.Osh A: 
For convenience sake, this class is divided into three groups or orders, the first of which 
is called the Siphonophora, and includes the best organized members of the class. In them the 
shape of the body is irregular, and there is no central cavity. They are furnished with 
sucking organs, and move by means of a certain cavity into which water is received gently 
and from which it is expelled forcibly, or sometimes by means of little sacs or vesicles 
charged with air. 
Owing to the vast number of species contained in this class, it is manifestly impossible to 
mention all the curious and interesting animals which it includes. Care, however, has been 
taken to select those species which afford the best types of their orders, and it will be found 
that almost every group of importance will find its representation in the following pages. 
The present arrangement of the Jelly-fishes (1885), Hydroids so called, and Corals, is 
under the title Celenterata, constituting one of the great branches of the Animal Kingdom, 
the third in the scale, counting upwards from the lowest. See the classification and nomen- 
clature tables at end of this volume. Three classes are recognized : Hydroz0a, Actinozoa, and 
Ctenophora. In the first and last of these classes are what are familiarly known as Jelly- 
fishes, while class Actinozoa embraces the Corals and other Sea Anemone forms. 
The first class is Hyprozoa. The first Order embraces those forms called Hydroids. The 
fresh-water Hydra is a familiar example. The second Order, DiscopHora, embraces the 
great hemispherical jellies that inhabit our North. 
Among the Hydroids, the first class of Celenterates, the TuBULARIA is familiar. It is not 
uncommon on our Atlantic shores. The plate on page 558 gives a very fine example of 
this Hydroid. A bunch of these creatures looks more like a group of beautiful pink-like 
flowers than any other marine form. The color is exquisite pink, while the stems are sober 
brown. They are found in our North American waters during the summer. The Disco- 
phores attain the largest size of all. Their popular names are Sea-nettles, in allusion to the 
stinging powers, Sea-bulbs, ete. 
The bodies of these, though comparatively tough, are yet mostly water. A specimen 
weighing thirty-four pounds lost ninety per cent. on drying in the sun. These creatures 
are phosphorescent, glowing Jike living fire. We have seen the waters of the harbor of 
Havana one golden hue at night from their presence. The most common form in the 
Northern waters is the Cyanea, which attains a great size. Mrs. Agassiz records the fol- 
lowing dimensions from personal measurement, taken from a specimen at Nahant. She 
says: ‘‘ Encountering one day one of these huge Jelly-fishes, when out in a row-boat, we 
attempted to take a rough measurement of its dimensions on the spot. He was lying quietly 
near the surface, and did not seem in the least disturbed, but allowed the oar, eight feet 
in length, to be laid along its disc, which proved to be about seven feet in diameter. Backing 
the boat slowly along the line of the tentacles, which were floating at their utmost extension 
