1883.] 'lightning' AND 'PORCUI'INk' EXPEDITIONS. 113 



couver I., N. Japan, "White Sea, Azores, Algiers {J. W. Flower), 

 Minorca {Oardona fide Hidalgo), Naples (Scacchi), Adriatic, and 

 Black Sea; littoral. A dead specimen was dredged by Prof. G. O. 

 Sars among the Loffoden Isles in 200-300 fathoms, and other dead 

 specimens have been dredged elsewhere at considerable depths; but 

 all of them were probably transported by tidal or marine currents. 



Fossil. Pliocene : Norwich Crag. Post-tertiary : Scandinavia, 

 British Isles, and Canada; 0-1360 ft. 



Turbo saxatilis of OViv], 1792. This name has certainly prece- 

 dence of rudis by five years ; but the latter name was adopted by 

 Lamarck and has been in general use and acceptation for nearly a 

 century. I think therefore that it will not be expedient now to 

 make the change. Among the synonyms of this variable species may 

 be mentioned T.jugosus and T. teneirosus of Montagu, T. obliyatus 

 and T. ve^titns of Say, possibly T. purpureus of Kisso, L. groen- 

 landica of Bolten, and other synonyms of Fabricius, Gould, Philippi, 

 MiddeudorfiP, Pfeiffer, Brown, Johnston, Menke, Bean, Adams, and 

 Reeve. The oldest name by far is that of Lister {Nerita reticu- 

 latus &c.) ; but it is not quite binomial. 



/ 3. LiTTORiNA LiTOREA, Linne. 



Turbo Uttoreus, L. S. N. p. 1232. 



L. litorea, B. C, iii. p. 368, pi. viii. f. 3 ; v. p. 206, pi. Ixv. f, 4. 



' Porcupine' Exp. 1869 : St. Donegal B, 



Distribution. White Sea, Faroes and Nordland to Lisbon, eastern 

 coasts of N. America from Newfoundland to New England, many 

 places in the Mediterranean and Adriatic but requiring identification ; 

 sublittoral. As this common species, called in England the 'peri- 

 winkle,' is a favourite delicacy of sailors, the occasional occurrence 

 of its shell in foreign parts may possibly be thus accounted for. 



Fossil. Pliocene: Red and Norwich Crag. Post-tertiary: Scandi- 

 navia, British Isles, and S.W. France ; 0-1360 ft. 



There are a few antiquated and obsolete synonyms, including 

 Turbo ustulatus of Lamarck. L. squalida of Broderip and Sowerby 

 from the arctic ocean, and L. grandis of Middendorff from the Sea 

 of Okhotsk appear to be varieties ; and L. mandschurica of von 

 Schrenck is a dwarf and eroded form, like that from Southend which 

 I noticed in vol. iii. p. 3/3 of 'British Conchology.' 



Genus I'phitus', Jeffreys. 



Shell conical, covered with spiral rows of tubercles ; the apex 

 consists of a cylindrical process of several whorls, which is closely 

 striated lengthwise ; operculum horny, paucispiral with a lateral 

 nucleus. 



The unique and remarkable little shell which I am about to de- 

 scribe somewhat resembles in shape and sculpture a fossil of the 

 Zanclean or Lower Pliocene formation at ?«Iessina which Professor 

 Seguenza kindly sent me under the manuscript name of Geinmula 

 asperata. But Gemmula of that author is a subgenus of Trochus, 



' One of the Argonauts. 



