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over its pursuers; an odour which it is scarcely 
possible either to endure or to eradicate. Nor is 
this all, for the fluid is said to produce blindness 
if it comes in contact with the eyes, while the bite 
of a skunk produces a disease very similar to hydro- 
phobia. This inoffensive-looking, but highly dangerous 
animal is common in North America, 
The Glutton or Wolverine (Gulo duscus, P). XI. 
fig. a) much resembles a small bear in appearance, 
but is really a large bulky marten, with a large 
broad short neck, compact body, an arching back, 
and short strong legs. The feet have five toes 
armed with strong claws, .and the tail is short and 
bushy. It measures upwards of three feet in length, 
including the tail. It inhabits the northern parts of 
Europe, Asia and North America, where it not only 
feeds on small mammals and birds, such as the lem- 
ming and ptarmigan, but destroys large animals like 
the elk and reindeer, leaping on them from the 
branches of a tree. Its shaggy fur is valuable. 
The Badger (MJeles vulgaris, Plate XII. fig. b) 
has a long pointed head, with small eyes and ears. 
It is smaller than the Glutton. The Badger is a 
sluggish morose animal, and lives a solitary life 
in a burrow in the ground, except during the pairing 
season, about the beginning of December. Here it 
sleeps through the winter, with some interruptions, 
and here too it passes most of the day during the 
Order VI. 

Pinnepedia. 
summer, but at night it sallies forth to the woods 
and fields in search of its food, which consists of all 
kinds of small animals, in addition to vegetable 
substances. The Badger inhabits Europe, and a 
large part of Northern Asia. 
The Otters are long-bodied animals with short 
legs, and smooth shining fur, a broad flattened head, 
short tail, and webbed feet. 
The Common Otter (Lutra vulgaris, Plate VI. 
fig. f) is common throughout Europe, and a con- 
siderable portion of Northern and Central Asia. It 
measures two feet in length, without the tail, which 
is half as long again. It is very fond of trout- 
streams and rivers flowing through woods, and _ is 
an excellent swimmer and diver. It feeds chiefly 
on fish, of which it destroys large quantities. When 
taken young, it is easily tamed and shows itself to 
be an intelligent animal. 
The Sea-Otter (Enhydra lutris, Plate VI. fig. g) 
has a cylindrical body, a short thick neck, and a 
round obtuse head. In external appearance it is not 
unlike a seal. The toes and webs are less developed 
on the fore feet than on the hind feet. The tail 
is short, clothed with thick fur, and trails along the 
ground. The Sea-Otter grows to twice the size of 
the common Otter. It is found on the coasts and 
islands about Behring’s Straits, but its fur is so much 
prized that the animal is now becoming very scarce 
(Seals.) 
(Plate XXVIII.) 
The Seals are the marine representatives of the 
Carnivora, and are often regarded as a mere section 
of that Order. They are Jarge animals, with cylindri- 
cal bodies, and their limbs and tail are more or 
less shortened, and are adapted for swimming, being 
provided with but few joints. Their carnivorous teeth, 
large eyes, and the occasional presence of external 
ears, as well as their intelligence, show them to be 
comparatively highly-developed mammals, notwith- 
standing the shortness and peculiar form of their 
limbs, which are intended to be used .as paddles. 
Their proper abodes are the waters of the sea and 
the mouths of rivers, but they are helpless animals 
on land, which they only visit to sleep and sun 
themselves, or to rear their young. 
The Seals are gregarious animals, and congre- 
gate in large numbers. They are found in most coasts, 
but are most numerous on the coasts and uninhabited 
islands of the Polar Seas, but are far less abundant 
than formerly, owing to the constant persecution 
which they have suffered. 
The Common Seal (Phoca vitulina, Plate XXVIII. 
fig. a) may be taken as the representative of the 
Phocide, or true Seals. It has a rounded head, 
with a dog-like muzzle, with bristles round the mouth, 
a short neck, a cylindrical body, and nails on its 
toes, which latter are connected together by a folded 
web. It measures 5 or 6 feet in length. The 
smooth furry hide is of a greyish brown sprinkled 
with yellowish brown, and dirty white beneath. This 
animal inhabits the seas and coasts of the North of 
Europe, including the Baltic. 
The TZvichechide or Walruses are remarkable 
for the structure of their teeth. Full-grown animals 
have six molar teeth in the upper and lower jaws, 
two small canine teeth in the lower jaw, and two very 
large ones in the upper jaw, which have crowded 

out the incisors originally present, and project from 
the mouth as long tusks. They are sometimes more 
than two feet long, and the animal uses them to stir 
up the ground, as well as to drag along its unwieldy 
body on the ice, by using them as grapnels. 
The Walrus (77ichecus rosmarus, Plate XXVIIL. 
fig. d) inhabits the Arctic Ocean, and lives in herds. 
The head is rounded, and comparatively small, though 
armed with formidable tusks. The neck is as thick 
as the head, and the body is thickest in the middle 
The legs are converted into large flippers. The skin 
is extremely thick, and is at first covered with dark 
hairs, but in older animals is naked, and greyish 
white. When the Walrus is not interfered with, it 
is a lazy and sluggish animal, but it will boldly 
defend itself and its young when attacked. All parts 
of this animal are useful; the hide, the flesh, the 
fat (or blubber, as it is called) and especially the 
ivory tusks. 
The Otarizdi@ are distinguished from the true 
Seals by possessing short external ears. 
The Sea Bear (Calrhinus urstnus, Pl. XXVIII. 
fig. b) has a longer neck than the common seal, 
and the limbs stand out further from the body. It 
grows to the length of seven or eight feet, It is 
covered, except on the flippers, with long coarse 
hair, blackish above, and yellowish-grey beneath. The 
front part of its body somewhat resembles that of 
a bear in appearance. 
The Sea Lion (Otarta jubata, Plate XXVIIL. 
fig. c) well deserves his name, for his rounded head, 
thick lips, and long whiskers, combined with the 
yellowish colour of his fur, and the long black hair 
on the mane of the neck of the male, give him 
considerable resemblance to the king of beasts. In 
other respects he is very like the Sea Bear, but is 
