; 
" 
7 
; 
i ie 
x 
— 

1% 
The Zebra (Equus zebra, Plate XXVII. fig. c) 
and the Quagga (Equus quagga, Plate XXVII. fig. d) 
are striped horses which inhabit the plains of Southern 
Africa in large troops. They are intermediate be- 
tween the horse and the ass in form, and are of 
about the size of a large ass. 
The true Zebra, which is now almost extinct, 
Order X. Arctiodactyla. 
(Plate 
By many writers, the Ruminating Animals are 
placed with this group, as a section of the Ungulata, 
or Hoofed Animals, in which the Levzssodactyla, Pro- 
boscidea, &c. are also included as subordinate groups. 
But in the present work, we have preferred to treat 
them separately. The restricted Order Arcteodactyla 
agrees with the Ramznantia in the structure of the 
feet, which have an even number of toes, and in the 
molar teeth being covered with ridges of enamel. 
The Suzd@, or Swine are found in all parts of 
the world except Australia. The head is conical, 
with small eyes, moderate-sized ears, a proboscis-like, 
truncated snout, and the jaws furnished with all three 
kinds of teeth, among which the projecting canines, 
which are larger in the males than in the females, 
are very conspicuous. The body is laterally com- 
pressed, the tail thin and ringed, the legs moderately 
long, slender, and furnished with four hoofs. They 
are the most voracious of all animals. 
The only wild pig found in Europe is the Wild 
Boar (Sus scrofa, Plate XVII. fig: d) from which 
our domestic animal (Plate XVII. fig. c) is probably 
derived. The Wild Boar has been extinct in England 
for at least two centuries, but is still found wild in 
many parts of Europe, Asia and North Africa. He 
is a strong and comparatively active animal, and is 
Order XI. 
The Ruminants form a rather large section of 
mammals. All have a comparatively small head, in 
which the face is much larger than the part con- 
taining the brain. The jaws are very prominent, and 
the dentition generally uniform. With the exception 
of a few families, there are 6 or 8 incisors in the 
lower jaw only, the canines are usually absent, and 
there are generally six molars on each side above 
and below, provided with enamel. The frontal bone 
is often decorated with peculiar outgrowths and bony 
projections, which are called horns or antlers. The 
feet are always provided with two separated hoof- 
bearing toes. 
But the most characteristic feature of this Order 
is the division of the stomach into 3 or 4 compart- 
ments, an arrangement which allows the animals to 
throw up the undigested food which they have 
swallowed, and to chew it thoroughly, at their ease, 
mixing it with the secretions of various glands. This 
is called ‘chewing the cud”. 
Family Camelide. (Camels and Llamas.) 
(Plates XVIII. XIX.) 
These animals form the first section of the 
Ruminantia, the Tylopoda. They are large animals 
with long necks, slender loins, padded feet and long 
shaggy hair. The upper jaw has only two incisors, 
Mammalia. 

Ruminantia. 

is striped over the whole body, and has most resem- 
blance to an ass, especially as the tail has long hairs 
only at the end. The Quagga is not striped on the 
legs, the tail is hairy from the root, and the ears 
are shorter. In general appearance it shows a much 
closer resemblance to the Horse than does the 
Zebra. 
(Swine and Hippopotami.) 
XVIL) 
larger than the ordinary domesticated varieties; the 
legs are thicker, the head larger, the snout more 
pointed, and the tusks longer and sharper, especially 
in the males. The colour is dark blackish brown. 
These animals inhabit thickets and marshes in small 
herds, and generally avoid men, but when they are 
enraged, they will attack any enemy boldly, and 
can inflict fearful wounds with their tusks. They are 
frequently very destructive to crops. When killed, 
all parts of their bodies are valuable. 
The Hippopotamus or River Horse (//pfopo- 
tamus amphibius, Plate XVIL fig. b), the represen- 
tative of the family //ppopotamid@, has an enormous 
head, a small brain, and a huge face, which is almost 
square. The teeth are hidden by the bulky muzzle. 
The great body rests on legs which are only two 
feet long, and are provided with four toes on each 
foot. The hide is naked, except that there are a 
few stiff bristles towards the end of the slender tail. 
The colour is dark brown, shading into a paler cop- 
pery hue beneath. The Hippopotamus is found in 
the rivers and lakes of a great part of Africa in 
herds of perhaps fifty individuals, but wanders out 
on the banks at night, where it often commits great 
devastation in the plantations of the natives. It is 
a very dangerous animal to attack. 
(Ruminating Animals.) 
but the lower jaw has six, and both jaws are fur- 
nished with canine teeth as well as incisors. This 
small group includes only the Camels and Llamas. 
The former are found in North Africa and Central 
Asia, and the latter in the west of South America. 
The genus Camelus has an extremely long neck, 
and one or two large humps of fat on the back. 
The division of the hoofs is only visible above, for 
they are united beneath into a broad sole. This 
enables the animal to pass rapidly over a sandy sur- 
face without sinking in. 
The Camels are indispensable to the nomad 
tribes of the desert, both for riding, and for beasts 
of burden. But their usefulness and endurance are 
the only good qualities which they possess. 
The Arabian Camel (Camelus dromedarius Plate 
XVIII. fig. a) has only one hump, which increases 
or diminishes in size according to whether the ani- 
mal is well fed or the contrary. It stands six feet 
high, and attains a length of about nine feet from 
the tip of the muzzle to the end of the tail. It is 
not known in the wild state, but is probably a native 
of Arabia and North Africa, from whence it has been 
introduced into Tuscany, South Spain, Mexico, &c., 
where it thrives well under favourable conditions. 
The strong breeds used for carrying burdens are 
called camels, and the lighter and swifter breeds used 
for riding are called dromedaries. 
