18 
The Bactrian, or Two-humped Camel (Camelus 
Bactrianus, Plate XVIII. fig. b) is enabled by the 
thickness of its hair to endure a low temperature, 
and replaces the Arabian Camel in Central Asia, 
where it is still found wild in some retired spots. 
Its gait is slow and heavy, and therefore it is not 
much used for riding, but is of great value in trans- 
porting merchandise across the steppes. It is indis- 
pensable to the Kirghises and other nomadic tribes, 
who obtain from it meat, milk, wool, hair, and in 
fact most of the necessaries of life. 
In the Llamas, the soles are not united, the 
hoofs being widely cleft; the back is humpless, the 
hair long and silky, the head comparatively larger 
than in the Camels, and the muzzle more pointed. 
They inhabit the Cordilleras of South America, 
and being mountain animals, can only be employed 
at a certain height above the level of the sea. They 
are valuable for their flesh and wool, and the 
tame species are also employed as beasts of burden. 
The Llama (Auchenza Llama, Plate XIX. fig. a) 
will casily and safely carry a load of one hundred 
pounds, and will feed on the mountain plants which 
it finds on the way. The full-grown animal measures 
four feet in height; and its colour, as is usually 
the case with domestic animals, is very variable. 
The flesh is said to be delicate, and the wool is 
woven into fabrics. 
Fainily Tragulide. 
(Plate XIX.) 
The second section of Ruminants, the 7raguléna, 
likewise contains only one family, the Zvagulid@, or 
Musk-Deer. They are swift animals, somewhat like 
antelopes, without antlers or tear-channels, and the 
males have long canine teeth in the upper jaw. They 
are very shy and active creatures, which inhabit the 
high grounds of Central Asia and the forests of the 
Sunda Islands. They are hunted for their flesh and 
skin, and some of them on account of a pouch con- 
taining musk, which is found in the male animal. 
The Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus, Plate XIX. 
fig. b) has a short head and slender legs, with two 
widely-cleft hoofs, with claws behind. The skin is 
thick and clothed with long reddish brown hair, especially 
on the sides of the body. It is one of the smaller 
Ruminants, not much exceeding two feet in height. 
It inhabits Northern India. 
(Musk Deer.) 
Family Cervide. (Deer.) 
(Plates XIX. XX. XXI.) 
The remaining Ruminants are placed together 
in the group Fecora, and form several families, of 
which the first is the Cervzd@, or Deer. They are 
distinguished by the presence of tear-channels, and of 
antlers, which rise from two horn-cores on the fore- 
head, and are variously branched. The horns are 
generally peculiar to the males, and are shed at cer- 
tain seasons. The head is long, narrowed towards 
the muzzle; the neck is long, the body slender, con- 
tracted at the loins, and covered with hair, more 
thickly in some species than in others; the legs are 
long and slender, and there are two small hoofs on 
the feet, furnished with claws behind. Deer are found 
in most parts of the world except in Australia, and 
in a great part of Africa. They live in herds, some 
species in the plains and others in the mountains, 
but always in the neighbourhood of water, which is 
necessary to their existence. Their senses are keen, 

and their intelligence considerable. They are valucd 
for their hide and flesh, and are ranked among the 
principal beasts of the chase. 
The Elk (Alces Malchis, Plate XIX. fig. c) is 
one of the largest of the deer tribe. It is a strange 
and imposing animal, which hardly seems to belong 
to the present age. It is unfortunately disappearing 
from most parts of Europe, and is now only to be 
met with in Sweden, Norway, and the Northern half of 
the Russian Empire, and is everywhere preserved. 
In Northern Asia it is still rather common, especially 
in the great forests on the banks of the rivers of 
Siberia. It is also found in North America, where it 
is called the Moose. A full-grown Elk stands 6 or 7 
feet high at the shoulder. The head is rather ugly, 
the muzzle is broad and long, the eyes are small, 
and the ears are long, like those of a donkey. The 
neck is thick and strong, the body stout, and the 
legs strong, and of equal height. The full-grown 
male bears large shovel-shaped, jagged antlers. The 
hair is long and thick, the mane along the back is 
thicker in the male, and the colour is dark reddish 
brown. The hide is very durable, and the animal is 
hunted for this, as well as for its flesh. 
The Reindeer (Zarandus rangifer, Plate XX. 
fig. a) is smaller and swifter than the elk, and has 
broad hoofs, almost like those of a cow, with claws 
behind, and both sexes are horned. The Reindeer 
is about as long as a large stag, but is stouter, and 
does not stand so high. The tame Reindeer, which 
are kept in large herds, are among the most useful 
animals known. While they live, they are employed 
to draw sledges and to carry loads, and to furnish 
milk; and when they are slaughtered, their flesh is 
good for food, their hide for clothing, their sinews 
for cord, and their bones for spoons, &c. The 
Reindeer is found in the most northern parts of 
Europe, Asia and America, where its broad hoofs 
enable it to run rapidly and easily across swamps 
and snowfields. It feeds on all kinds of alpine plants, 
and even on mosses and lichens, which it scratches 
in winter from under the snow. 
The Stag or Red Deer (Cervus elaphus, Plate 
XX. fig. b) is one of the finest of the European 
deer. It may measure seven feet long, and stand 
over four feet high at the shoulder, but varies much 
in size. . Its body and legs are slender, and its head 
is finely formed, and adorned with splendid’ antlers. 
The branches are round, and as in other deer, in- 
crease in number with age. The body is_ thickly 
clothed with hair, which is reddish brown in summer, 
but more greyish in winter and it is often of considerable 
length on the front half of the body. The tear- 
channels are strongly marked, and discharge a greasy 
secretion, which is exuded when the animal rubs 
itself against trees. The Stag is found in the greater 
part of Europe, and in a large part of Asia, except 
in the extreme north. The female is called a Hind. 
The Fallow Deer (Dama vulgaris, Plate XXL. 
fig. a) is distinguished from the Red Deer by its 
smaller size, more slender body, shorter legs and 
longer tail, and also by the antlers, which are round 
below, but shovel-shaped and dentated above, and 
therefore more like those of the Elk and Reindeer. 
The colour of the skin is reddish brown above with 
white spots, and whitish beneath in summer; and 
dark grey above, and paler beneath in winter; but 
the colour varies much according to age. The finest 
of these animals, which are almost as great an adorn- 
ment to parks and forests as the Red Deer, are 
frequently pure white. 
