and the tail. 
of teeth of the three usual kinds, 
teeth of the Insectivora. They have all large ears, 
furnished with various kinds of appendages - Many 
species are provided with similar excrescences on 
the nose. The neck is short and thick, the mouth 
wide, and the large muscles of the chest are enor- 
mously developed. All their senses are very acute, 
especially that of touch 
At the*approach of twilight, they come forth 
from their hiding-places, some earlier and some later, 
to perform their rapid evolutions in the air; and 
they devour immense quantities of insects during the 
night. A few species only feed on fruits. When 
cold weather sets in, some migrate southwards, but 
most of our indigenous species pass the winter in 
caves and clefts, where they may sometimes be seen 
hanging by hundreds together in a state of torpor. 
The Bats have been divided into many families, 
several of which are represented on our plate. 
The Fruit-eating Bats (Peropid@) are found in 
Eastern Africa and Southern Asia. They fly about 
at night, and feed on sweet and juicy fruits, often 
doing much damage. By day they sleep suspended 
to the branches of trees by their hind limbs. They 
are generally called Flying Foxes or Flying Dogs, 
from the resemblance of their heads to those of these 
animals. 
The largest of all the Bats is the Great Kalong 
(Pleropus edulis, Plate IV. fig. a.) which measures more 
than a foot in length , and four feet or more across 
the wings. The muzzle is pointed , and resembles 
that of a dog. The membrane is deeply concave 
between the hind legs, whereas in the common 
Bats it forms a kind of pocket. The tail is 
entirely wanting. It is very abundant in the Indian 
islands, and very destructive to orchards. 
Some American bats are in the habit of sucking 
blood from animals which they find sleeping by night ; 
and this habit is generally attributed to the Brazilian 
Vampire Bat (Vampyrus spectrum) figured on Plate IV. 
Order IV. 
8 


Insectivora. 
The Bats have a perfectly regular set ; fig. b., as a representative of the family P%zlostomide. 
resembling the | It hides in clefts and caverns by day, but by night it 
flies round trees in search of insects and fruits. It 
is said to attack birds and beasts, and to suck 
their blood from a small wound. Whether it really 
possesses this habit, or whether the injury inflicted 
by other Bats which certainly indulge in it, has been 
erroneously attributed to this species, as the largest 
found in the country, is perhaps still uncertain. It 
measures six inches in length, and two feet or more 
across the wings. 
The Great Horse-Shoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrum- 
equinum, Plate IV, fig. e.), our representative of the 
Khinolophide, is tolerably common in Europe. It is 
remarkable for the curious projection on the nose, 
in which a horse-shoe proper, besides a longitudinal 
ridge and a lanceolate point may be traced. This 
species measures two inches and a half in length, 
and the wings expand upwards of a foot. The Horse- 
Shoe Bats are the nearest European representatives 
of the Brazilian Vampire. On account of their short 
wing-membrane, their flight is less rapid than that of 
other Bats. 
The Vespertihonide have no excrescence on 
the nose, but there is a raised leaf-like expansion 
on the inside of the ears, which in some species are 
connected together. Their senses of hearing and 
touch are very highly developed; and their flight is 
rapid and well-sustained. They feed entirely on in- 
sects. Most European bats belong to this family. 
The Noctule (Vesperugo noctula, Plate IV. fig. c.) 
is very widely distributed over Europe, Asia and 
Africa, except in the high north. It is a common 
species in England, and measures about three inches 
in length. 
The Long-eared Bat (FPlecotus auritus, Plate IV. 
fig. d.) is common in England, and may easily be 
recognised by its enormously long ears, with an inner 
tongue-like fold. It does not appear till rather late 
at night, and flies high, but not so rapidly and easily 
as the last species mentioned. It is also rather smaller. 
(Inseet-Eaters.) 
(Plate X.) 
The Insect-eating Mammals are small animals, 
of a compact and comparatively robust shape. 
The snout is frequently produced into a sort of 
proboscis, and the teeth are always regular, and 
extremely sharp. The limbs are short, but the tail 
is often long They are not remarkable for their 
intelligence. They live a retired life in holes and 
other hiding places, but some frequent the water, 
while others again are found on trees. In cold and 
temperate climates they generally sleep through the 
winter, but in warmer climates they are always active. 
They are very useful animals, which destroy immense 
numbers of insects, snails &c., and they should there- 
fore to be encouraged and protected. 
The Hedgehogs (7inaceidw) are stout slow- 
moving animals with strong teeth, very short legs, 
an obtuse tail, and a skin on which the hairs are 
more or less converted into stiff spines. They are 
able to roll themselves up into a ball when alarmed, 
by means of strong muscles. They feed by night 
on insects and small birds, as well as on fruits and 
roots, but they sleep by day, and through the winter. 
The Hedgehog (Arinaceus curopeus, Plate X. 
fig. c) is an inoffensive animal measurir& about ten 

inches in length. The female is rather larger and 
stronger than the male.~ It has a small head with 
a long snout, and short, broad ears, a defensive suit 
of armour formed of strong sharp spines, covering 
the whole body except on the belly, and short legs, 
with five toes armed with sharp claws. It is very 
timid, and rarely emerges from its hiding place till 
late in the evening. It generally takes up its abode 
either in thick bushes, in a hole, or in the cleft of 
a rock, It relics chiefly on its senses of smell and 
hearing in its search for the insects, mice, birds &c. 
on which it feeds, for its sight is weak, and its sense 
of feeling remarkably dull. 
In the Sovzczde, or Shrew Mice, the head is 
long, the teeth are regular and sharply-pointed, the 
body is slender, and the tail long. They are found 
in all parts of the world, and burrow, run, climb or 
swim well, according to the requirements of their 
mode of life. They feed on insects and other small 
animals. Although they much resemble mice in size 
and shape, they have no real relationship to them, 
as the true mice belong to the Rodentia, a very 
different Order of mammals. 
The Shrew-mouse (Sorex vulgaris, Plate X. 
