The largest and strongest of the Anthropoid 
Apes is the Gorilla (Zroglodytes gorilla). Although 
Hanno, the Carthaginian navigator, brought skins to 
Carthage more than 2,000 years ago, which may have 
belonged either to the Gorilla or to the Chimpanzee, 
the Gorilla was quite unknown to modern naturalists 
until 1847, when it was discovered on the west coast 
of tropical Africa. If the Gorilla stood upright, he 
would measure nearly six feet in height. He has a 
long skull, and small ears; and his arms are so long 
that they reach below the knees. He generally goes 
on all fours, or climbs trees, though his short fingers 
are not so well adapted to this purpose as those of 
some other apes. Although the strength and ferocity 
of the Gorilla may have been somewhat exaggerated 
in the earlier accounts, yet he is nevertheless a most 
formidable — ani- 
mal, who fears 
neither man nor 
the large beasts 
of prey. When 
young, he lives 
in company, but 
when old in soli- 
tude, and is said 
to construct a 
kind of nest in 
trees. His food 
consists chiefly of 
roots, fruits, and 
the leaves of trees. 
The Chim- 
panzee (Z7oglody- 
tes niger) is re- 
presentedonPlate 
ehoal Ele sis 
noted for his so- 
ciable disposition, 
and for the great. 
quickness which 
he exhibits in 
learning to imt- 
tate various hu- 
man actions. He 
grows to. the 
height of rather 
less than four feet. 
His body ts cover- 
ed with long black 
hair except on 
the face and the 
palms and backs 
of the hands; the 
lower part of the 
body is also some- 
what bare. The Chimpanzee lives in companies 
in the great forests of Upper and Lower Guinea, 
where he is both more widely distributed, and much 
commoner than the Gorilla. He feeds on roots and 
fruits. He passes the day on the ground, but at 
night retires to a nest which he forms in the trees 
at the height of twenty or thirty feet from the ground, 
and which is constructed of interlaced branches. 
The Orang-utan (Szwza Satyrus) or Wild Man 
of the Woods, is represented on plate I fig. b. He 
inhabits the marshy forests of the islands of Borneo 
-and Sumatra, and lives in the trees. He is about as 
large as a Chimpanzee, but may easily be distinguished 
by his reddish colour, the much longer arms, which 
reach to the ankles, the more raised head, and the 
much more prominent muzzle. 


Gorilla 

The Gibbons are distinguished from all the other 
apes, except the Orang-utan, by their very long arms, 
which reach to the ankles when they stand. Only a 
few species are known, which inhabit the East Indies. 
Their man-like faces, and small callosities show 
their affinity to the Orang-utan and Chimpanzee; 
but they are considerably smaller and weaker. The 
long fore limbs and strong hind limbs are preeminently 
adapted for climbing. The chest is broad and prominent. 
The White-handed Gibbon (Hylodates Lar) is 
represented on Plate I fig. c. It is a native of the 
Malay Peninsula, and is one of the most active of 
the whole family, and can easily pass over a space 
of thirty or forty feet in leaping from one tree to 
another. It is very variable in colour. 
The Siamang (/7ylobates syndactylus), represented 
on Plate I. fig. 4 
is the largest and 
stoutest of the 
genus, but is near- 
ly as active as the 
other species. It 
inhabits the  fo- 
restsofSumatrain 
large companies, 
leaping from tree 
to tree, and mak- 
ing the woods 
resound with its 
cries at sunrise 
and sunset. 
Family 
Cercopithecida. 
(Plate IL.) 
The monkeys 
belonging to this 
and the following 
families are no 
longer dignified 
with the title of 
Anthropoid Apes. 
The Cercopitheci- 
da have a slen- 
der form, long 
limbs, a long tail, 
a short snout, 
small callosities, 
and no cheek- 
pouches. They 
live in troops in 
the forests of 
Southern Asia, 
and feed = on 
leaves and fruits. 
One of the most beautiful species is the Hanuman 
Monkey (Semnopzthecus eutellus), which is held sacred 
by the Indians. The original Hanuman is said to have 
been one of the principal heroes in the army of the 
demigod Rama, when he invaded Ceylon at the head 
of an army of bears and monkeys, to make war upon 
the giant Ravana, who had carried off Sita, the 
beautiful wife of Rama. 
The Hanuman Monkey is exceedingly intelligent 
and sociable when young, but as it grows older, it 
loses many of its good qualities. Its jaws project, its 
forehead flattens, and it becomes heavy and stupid. 
Similar changes take place, with increasing age, in 
many other monkeys. (Figured on p. 6.) 
The species of Cercopithecus somewhat resemble 
cats in their outward appearance. Their long tail, large 
