forehead, and a more or less rounded skull. They 
are now met with in every country, and the greater 
part of the world is subject to their power. They, 
however, principally inhabit Europe, North-Africa, 
Arabia and South-Western Asia, as far as India. 
The Coloured Races include the Mongolians, 
Malays, Esquimaux, and native Americans. They 
differ much in colour, some being almost as light as 
Europeans, others reddish (as the Americans) and 
others very dark (as the Malays). The most typical 
Mongolians, the Chinese and Japanese, have a yel- 
lowish skin, oblique eyes, high cheek-bones, straight 
black hair, and a scanty beard. The Coloured Races 
inhabit the whole of Asia, except the south-west, 
the Malay Islands, the Arctic Regions and America. 
They are also met with, more or less mixed, in many 
parts of Northern and Eastern Europe. Several types 
are represented in our figures 4—7. 
The Black and Brown Races inhabit Africa, 
Australia, New Guinea, Polynesia, and some portions 
of Southern Asia. They differ very much in the form 
of their features, in the character of their hair, and 
in the amount of beard. The most typical African 
Negroes have thick lips, woolly hair, and little or no 
beard; but in many parts of Africa these characters 

are more or less modified. This is doubtless due, 
at least in part, to admixture with distinct races, as 
for instance, with Arabs. Again, some black races of 
Southern Africa, the Hottentots, Bushmen, Kaffirs, &c., 
differ much from the negroes of tropical, and espe- 
cially Western Africa. 
The Australians have well-developed beards, while 
the hair of the Papuans forms a great mop. 
Illustrations of several of the principal brown 
and black races are given in our figures 2 8—I12. 
Sal y 
The great difficulty in arriving at any satis- 
factory classification of the races of men, arises from 
their having become so greatly mixed. Our histories 
tell us much of the immigrations, conquests and 
blendings of various races within the last few cen- 
turies; but these records are but the latest of a long 
series of similar events. And unless man dwelt iso- 
lated, a race would with difficulty be kept pure; for 
it is demonstrable by the simplest arithmetical cal- 
culation, and making every allowance for intermarriages, 
that every person now living must have had a great 
number of ancestors living at one time, but a very 
few generations back, all of whom would not be 
likely to belong to the same unmixed race, 
Class MAMMALIA. 
The Class Mammalia is divided into a numbet 
of groups, called Orders, which are again divided into 
smaller sections, called Families. 
Animals cannot, however, be arranged in a regu- 
lar series which expresses all their affinities, nor are 
naturalists agreed on the relative importance of all 
the characters by which they are classified. All our 
systems, therefore, must be more or less artificial, 
though many groups, large and small, are perfectly 
natural and circumscribed within themselves. 
The arrangement of Orders which we have 
adopted in the present work, is as follows: 
Order I. Primates (Apes, Monkeys, and Lemuts). 
Il. Dermoptera (Flying Lemurs). 
Order I. 
The apes have either four hands, or feet on 
their front legs and hands on their hind legs. They 
have a full set of teeth, as in man, but not close to- 
gether, their eyes are parallel, and near together, and 
the teats are situated on the breast. They can raise 
themselves upright on their hind legs, like man, and 
Sub-order I. 
Section I. 
This section includes the apes and monkeys 
of the Old World, which resemble man in having the 
nostrils near together, whereas in all the American 
monkeys, the nostrils are wide apart. 
A few species placed at the head of this division, 
such as the Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orang-utan and 
Gibbons, are often called Anthropoid Apes, from their 
general resemblance to man. 

Il. Chiroptera (Bats). 
IV. nsectivora (Insect-Eaters). 
V. Carnivora (Flesh-Eaters). 
VI. Pinnepedia (Seals). 
VII. Rodentia (Gnawing Animals). 
VILL. Proboscidea (Elephants). 
IX. Perissodatycla (Rhinoceros, Horse, &c.). 
X. Artiodactyla (Pigs and Hippopotamus). 
XI. Raminantia (Ruminating Animals). 
XII. Szventa (Manatees and Dugongs). 
XII. Cetacea (Whales and Dolphins). 
XIV. Edentata (Toothless Animals). 
XV. Marsupialia (Pouched Animals). 
XVI. Monotremata (Ornithorhynchus and 
Echidna). 
Primates. 
walk, though clumsily, but they far surpass man 
and most other mammals in springing and climbing. 
They live chiefly on fruits, but will also eat maggots, 
eggs, and small birds. 
Apes are frequently called Quadrumana, or 
Four-handed Animals, from the structure of their limbs. 
Anthropoidea (Apes and Monkeys). 
Catarrhini. 
Family Simiide. 
(Plate 1.) 
The Szmtde@ are unprovided with the tail and 
the cheek-pouches which are found in most other apes 
and monkeys. Theirheadis round, and though their eyes 
and ears are small, they are formed in the same manner 
as those of man, and the face and breast are bare. 
Their size resembles that of a fairly well grown man. 
