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“proportion to its breadth, it 
instances have occasionally occurred among white 
races, of armless men writing and drawing with 
their toes. When the great toes are oppo ible in 
animals, the feet are termed grasping feet (or more 
usually hands), as in the case of those of apes. 
But the extremities of the limbs of Mammalia 
are not always provided with five moveable toes. 
There may be 4, 3, 2 and even only one toe pre- 
sent, the others being absent or rudimentary. 
of these cases are illustrated in the accompanying 
figures. 
The bones of the hands and feet are differently 
formed in different groups of mammals, and are used 
Some 
for various purposes, such as running, leaping, climb- 
ing, digging, flying, swimming, seizing prey, &c. 
9 
oO 

The last joints are 
as in man. 
rarely provided with flat nails, 
They are more frequently furnished with 
claws (as in beasts of prey), or with a shoe-like hoof 
covering the last joints. Sometimes the last joints 
are unarmed. The feet are also classified according 
to the manner in which walk. Either the 
entire surface of the foot touches the ground, as in 
the bear, 
animals 
or only the toes touch the ground, as in 
the cats, while in the horse only the last joint 
touches it. 
Man is frequently regarded as forming the first 
Order of Mammalia. But it will be more convenient 
for us to treat man as forming a separate section in 
the present work. 
MAN. 
(Frontispiece.) 
Man occupies the highest position in nature. 
His reason and power of speech place him far above 
all animals. It is true that some animals are superior 
to him in physical strength, size, and activity, and 
in the keenness of their senses, or in some other 
particulars, but no animal is so symmetrically formed, 
or possesses such a wonderfully constructed hand; no 
animal is fitted to develop its powers in so many 
different directions, and no animal walks upright, 
like man. 
We may enumerate many points in which the 
structure of man differs from that of the other Mam- 
malia, The skull, and the brain which it contains 
form the largest part of the head, the jaws project 
very slightly, if at all, though the nose and chin are 
distinctly prominent; the forehead is high, and like 
the greater part of the body, is free from hair, while 
the upright position and the strong legs allow the 
hands and arms full liberty of motion. The position 
of the body corresponds with the form of the verte- 
I. Stra 
a) Soft-haired Races (Europe, North-Atrica, 
Western Asia). 
1. Mediterranean Race. 
2. Nubian Race. 
3. Dravidian Race (Ceylon and Further 
India). 

bre. The teeth stand close together in a row of 
equal height, and are not separated by any gaps. 
The human body can adapt itself to the most diffe- 
rent climates of the earth, although some races of 
men are better fitted to endure extremes of heat or 
cold than others. 
The human race is scattered over the earth to 
the number of perhaps nearly 1,400,000,000; and we 
meet with such considerable differences among the 
inhabitants of different countries, that we are obliged 
to recognise the existence of several species of man, 
or as we usually prefer to say, of several distinct races. 
The older naturalists classified the races of men 
chiefly by their colour. Thus Blumenbach divided 
men into five races: Caucasians, Mongolians, Ethio- 
pians, Americans and Malays. Cuvier joined the last 
two with the Mongolians, and reduced the number 
to three: White Races, Coloured Races and Black 
Races. Miiller, taking language partly into consider- 
ation, admitted twelve races: 
ight-haired Races. 
b) Stiff-haired Races. 
. Malay Race. 
Mongolian Race. 
American Race. 
Arctic Race (Esquimaux). 
Australian Race. 
OO 
Il. Woolly-haired Races. 
C) Fleecy-haired Races. 
g. Negroes. 
10. Kafhirs. 
Types of these twelve races are shown in 
our Frontispiece. 
Recent writers have recognised the extreme 
difficulty of separating mankind into distinct and well- 
defined races, and usually prefer to treat of the in- 
habitants of different parts of the world, or belong- 
ing to well-defined races, separately, rather than to 
attempt a hard-and-fast classification. 
The shape of the skull differs much in different 
races and individuals. When the skull is long in 
is termed dolichoce- 

d) Bushy-haired Races. 
1. Hottentots. 
12. Papuans. 
phalic, or long-headed; and when it is short and 
broad, it is called brachycephalic, or short- headed. 
In many of the black races, the jaws project more, 
and the forehead recedes more than in ordinary [u- 
ropeans, showing a lower grade of development. 
We shall here restrict “ourselves to some general 
remarks on the characteristics of the various races, 
according to colour. 
The White Races (fig. 1) are of a pale flesh- 
colour, usually termed white, with blonde or dark 
hair, often curly, a large beard, an oval face, a high 
