
INTRODUCTION. 
a HE MAMMALIA stand at the head of the 
| whole Animal Kingdom, They form the 
Gi first Class in the highest group of animals, 
the Subkingdom VERTEBRATA.. 
The body of all vertebrate animals is symmetri- 
cal, or similarly formed on both sides. The many- 



Skeleton of Man, 
a, Head. b. c. Vertebral Column. d. Shoulder e. Upper Arm, 
i, Pelvis. k. Thigh. |. Knee-joint, m. Leg. n. Ankle. 0, Fi 
jointed skeleton forms a bony framework for the 
attachment of the soft muscles, which are covered 
by a continuous skin. The main divisions of the 
body consist of the head, the trunk, and, in most 
cases, of two pairs of limbs. Part of the bones of 
the head compose the skull, which forms a 
hollow case containing the brain, which is 
the main source of perception and motion. 
At the back, the brain is connected with 
the spinal marrow, which lies in a continuous 
cavity in the centre of the vertebre, or 
bones which form the spine. Beneath the 
spine (or rather, before it in man) and partly 
enclosed by the ribs, we find the lungs, or 
organs of respiration (breathing); the heart, 
the central organ which regulates the circu- 
lation of the blood; the liver, the pancreas, 
the stomach, the intestines and other organs connected 
with the digestion and assimilation of food. The 
Fey 4M 
Mammalia. 

Skeleton of Horse, with outline. 
. f. Elbow joint, g, Fore Arm. h. Wrist, 
most important organs of sense are in the head. In 
the veins flows red blood. 
The subkingdom Vertebrata is divided into 
five principal classes; Mammals, Birds, Keptiles, 
Amphibia, and Fishes, 
the Mammalia may be briefly summed up as follows: 
The Mamma- 
The general characters of 
lia are vertebrate 
animals with warm 
red blood, and their 
skin generally 
clothed with _ hair. 
They bring forth 
living young, which 
they suckle. 
We can easily 
acquaint ourselves 
with the general 
structure of the Ver- 
tebrata by examin- 
ing our own bodies, 
In fact, naturalists in- 
clude man in the 
system of nature, 
and place him at 
the head of the ani- 
mal kingdom All 
the organs which 
man possesses are 
found in other mam- 
We may 
is 
ngers or Toes. w. Withers (of Horse). 
mals under more or less varying forms. 
convince ourselves of this fact if we compare their 


Internal Anatomy of Dog. 
d. Gut. g. Brain. h, Heart. k, Larynx, 
ma, Stomach, mu, Mouth. na. Nostrils. 
sp. Gullet. u. Bladder, 
b, Breastbone. 
achea. lu, Lungs. 
ni, Kidney. r. Spinal Cord. 
skeletons. The other organs of man and animals 
correspond ina similar manner. The organs of sense 
1 
