
Oo 
gs 
water-plants, in which the eg which he carefully 
watches over, are hatched. 
Plate XIV. fig. b. Cottus gobio, the Bullhead, 
is another little fil about twice the size of a Stickle- 
back, which is abundant in clear pebbly brooks. It 
has a large head and scaleless body, mottled with 
black and brown above, and yellow beneath. It feeds, 
like the Sticklebacks, on insects, and on the roe 
and fry of fish. 
Plate XIV. fig. k. 77évia Gurnardus, the Grey 
Gurnard, is a common marine fish about six inches 
long. It produces a grunting noise when captured, 
by forcing gas from the air-bladder. The head is 
plated , and there are three free spines in front of 
the dorsal fin. 
Plate XIV. 
d 
fig. |. Dactylopterus volitans, the 
Order II. 
This Order is distinguished by the lower pha- | 
ryngeal bones being united. It includes, among | { 
others¢ the family Labrida. They are brightly- 
coloured fishes with thick lips, a protuberant snout, 
and strong teeth. The body is generally laterally 
< 
! 


Fiying Gurnard, has very long pectoral fins, and | 
when pursued, it can raise itself from the water and — 
fly a distance of 100 paces. They abound in the- 
Mediterranean. 
Family IX. Blenniida. These fishes have 
slimy skin, small belly-fins, and a large dorsal fin. 
Plate XII. fig. h. Axarrhichas lupus, the Wolf-— 
Fish, is commoner in Northern than in Tem- 
perate climates, and grows to the length of seven 
feet and upwards. It has very powerfull teeth, and 
is exceedingly voracious. 
Plate XIV. fig. a. Blennius viviparus is inte- 
resting on account of its producing living young. It 
has two small filaments on the mouth, and the nostrils 
are tube-like. It inhabits the North Sea and the 
Baltic, and grows to the length of ten inches. 
a 
Pharyngognathi. 
compressed, with large smooth scales. — Plate XV. 
h. Fulis mediterranea is a pretty species of 
Wrasse which inhabits the European seas. It is blue 
with an orange-coloured band on the sides. It is about 
as long as a finger. 
fig. 
Order III. 
Fins with soft rays, and not spines; air-bladder 
without pneumatic duct. Ventral fins, when pre- 
sent, placed just below to the throat, 
Family I. Gadide. The species frequent the 
northern seas, and very few are inhabitants of fresh 
water. They are long fishes, with a flattened head, 
a wide mouth, well provided with teeth, short ven- 
tral fins placed in front of the pectoral fins, and a 
long tail, They are carnivorous fishes, which 
abundant in the Northern seas, and are of great 
economical value. Many of them measure three 
or four feet in length. 
Plate XIII. fig. b. Merluctus vulgaris, the 
Hake, is common in the European and North Ame- 
rican seas, It has two dorsal fins, and the lower 
jaw projects like that of the pike. 
Plate XIII. fig. c. Molva vulgaris, the Ling, 
is a long and narrow fish, with a projecting upper 
jaw, and barbels on the lower jaw. 
Plate XIII, fig Gadus morrhua, the Cod, 
is the most valuable of the whole family, and is 
particularly abundant on the Banks of Newfoundland, 
It is a most prolific fish, and though it is annually 
salted by millions, its numbers never appear to 
diminish. 
Plate XIII. fig. e. Gadus eglefinus, the Had- 
dock, is brown on the back, and silvery on the sides 
and belly, with a dark spot behind the pectoral fins. 
It is a rather smaller fish than those previously 
mentioned, not exceeding three feet in Jength. 
Plate XIII. fig. f. Gadus callarias, the Dorse, 
is about the size of a Haddock, and is not found 
so far north as the other common species of Gadide. 
It has 3 dorsal and 2 ventral fins, a barbel on the 
chin, and a waved lateral line running across the 
pectoral fins, Some authors regard this fish as only 
a young cod. 
Plate XUI. fig. g. Gadus minutus is yellowish 
brown above, and only measures about six inches 
in length, Its appearance on our coasts heralds 

that of the larger species, 
Anacanthini. 
Plate XIII. 
is a remarkable 
fig. h. Lota vulgaris, the Eel Pout, 
freshwater-fish, common in the 
lakes and rivers of Europe and Northern Asia. 
It is a queer-looking fish, with a frog-like head, 
barbels on the chin, and an eel-like body. It grows 
to the Jength of three feet. The flesh is best just 
before the spawning-season, in December. 
Family IL Pleuronectida. The Flat-fishes have 
no air-bladder, and have an extremely high and 
narrow body. When swimming or at rest they lie 
on one side, and consequently only the upper side 
of the body is coloured, and both eyes are placed 
on the colonred side of the head. They generally 
rest on the bottom of the sea, but some species 
ascend rivers to a considerable distance. They feed 
on small fish, worms and Crustacea. 
Plate XV. fig. b. Fleuronectes platessa, the 
Plaice, swims with the right side uppermost. It is 
brown with red spots, and grows to the length of 
eighteen inches. It is an extremely common species. 
Plate XV fig. c. Lippoglossus vulgaris, the 
Halibut, is one of the largest of the flat-fishes, at- 
taining a lenght of from five to seven feet, and 
weighing 200 or 300 pounds. The body is smooth, 
and the tail crescent-shaped. It is commoner in 
Northern Europe than on the British coasts, 
Family III.  Scombresocida. The jaws are 
prolonged into a beak, and there is a double keel 
on the belly. These fishes are all marine. 
Plate XVI. fig. e. ELxocoetus volitans, the Fly- 
ing Fish, resembles a herring, but the pectoral fins 
are so long and so strong that the fish can fly for 
a hundred yards over the surface of the sea. The 
Ilying Fish are common in the warmer seas; but 
the species figured is occasionally seen on our own 
coasts. 
Plate XIX. fig. i. Belone vulgaris, the Garfish, 
has both jaws prolonged into a sharp horny beak. 
It is a deep-water fish, but comes to the coasts to 
spawn, The spine is green, It attains a lenght of 
upwards of two feet. 
