14 
The back is blackish, and 
It is very 
ten to twenty pounds, 
the sides are yellow, white, and black. 
common in rivers and large lakes. 
Plate XVIII. fig. h. <Adbramzs blicca. This is 
a smaller species of bream, found in lakes and 
slowly flowing rivers with a sandy bottom. It grows 
to the length of nearly a foot. 
Plate XVIII. fig. d. Abrams vimba has a pro- 
jecting upper jaw, and a rather long anal fin. It is 
found in the large inland seas of Europe, and enters 
the rivers to spawn. Unlike the other species of 
Bream, it is considered very good food. 
Plate XVII. fig. d. Leuctscus erythrophthalmus. 
the Rudd, is found in lakes and rivers with a sandy 
bottom, and grows to the length of about a foot. 
The back is dark brownish grey, the sides and belly 
white, the latter ridged. The fins are red, and there 
is a yellowish red circle round the eye. The pha- 
ryngeal teeth are arranged in two rows. 
Plate XVII. fig. e. Leuciscus rutilus, the 
Roach. The fins and rings round the eyes are 
brighter red than in the last species; the dorsal fin 
is placed rather more forward, the snout is less oblique, 
and the pharyngeal teeth are arranged in one row. 
The belly is not ridged. It is commoner and better 
known in England than the last species. 
Plate XVII. fig. f. Lenciscus cephalus, the 
Chub, grows to the length of upwards of two feet. 
It frequents lakes and rivers, but comes into smaller 
streams to spawn. The pharyngeal teeth are ar- 
ranged in a double row. The gape is wide, and the 
anal fins are convex. It is not considered worth 
eating. 
Plate XVII. fig. g. Leucescus zdus has a thick, 
truncated head, and bluish violet scales. It is found 
in swiftly-running waters in some parts of the Con- 
tinent. Its flesh turns yellowish when cooked. 
Plate XVII. fig. b. Leuczscus orfus is only a 
golden variety of the last, reared in some places in 
fish-ponds for ornament, like the common Gold-fish, 
Plate XVII. fig. h. Leuctscus vulgaris, the 
Dace, resembles the Chub, but the head and snout 
are smaller, and the anal fin concave. It grows to 
the length of eighteen inches. d 
Plate XVII. fig. c. Leuctscus phoxinus, the 
Minnow, is a little fish which swims about among 
the roots of water-plants near the edge of streams 
and ditches. 
Plate XVII. fig. a. Leuciscus alburnus, the 
Bleak, is another small fish, about two inches in length, 
which is common in streams and lakes. The body 
is long, the snout oblique, the chin prominent, and 
the anal fin long. The friable silvery scales are 
used in the preparation of artificial pearls. 
Plate XVIII. fig. f. Gobto vulgaris, the Gud- 
geon, is a little larger than the Bleak, and is found 
in streams with a clear sandy bottom, where it feeds 
on worms, small Crustacea, and the fry of fish. The 
body is round and spotted, and there is a small 
barbel at each corner of the mouth, 
Plate XVII. fig. b. Chondrostoma nasus de- 
rives its name from its prominent snout. It is not 
worth eating, bur attains a weight of two pounds. 
Plate XVIII. fig. g. Sarbus vulgaris, the 
Barbel, much resembles a pike, except for the head, 
which is distinguished by the projecting upper jaw, 
and four barbels. The Barbel is found in running 
water, where it feeds on fish and worms, and spawns 
from May to July. It is rather a large fish, and 
sometimes weighs upwards of twelve pounds, 
« 



Family IV. Salmonida. The Salmons are 
slender tapering brightly coloured fish, with an adi- 
pose fin behind the dorsal fin. The air-bladder is 
simple. They are either toothless, or there are 
teeth on all the bones of the mouth. Most of the 
species are carnivorous, and live in clear fresh water, 
but others are marine, and only ascend the rivers 
to spawn. 
In the genus Salmo the mouth is well provided 
with teeth. 
Plate XVUI. fig. k. Salmo salar, the Salmon, 
may grow to a length of six feet, and weigh fifty 
pounds. The head and back are blackish, the sides 
bluish, and the belly silvery. They usually live in 
the sea, but enter rivers at the spawning-season, 
leaping over waterfalls, weirs, and other obstacles in 
their way, and spawning in clear gravelly streams, 
where they are captured in large numbers. 
Plate XVIII. fig. 1. Satno fario, the Trout, 
does not generally exceed a foot in length and half 
a pound in weight. The upper part of the body is 
spotted with red, and the spots are often bordered 
with blue; the lower jaw is rather prominent. It 
loves clear cool water, and feeds on fish, crustacea, 
insects &c. It spawns at the beginning of winter. 
Plate XIX. fig. a. Salmo trutta, the Salmon 
Trout has blackish spots surrounded with a paler 
ring, and attains a weight of ten or twelve pounds. 
It ascends rivers from the sea, but not so high as 
the salmon. : 
Plate XIX. fig. c. Salmo lacustris, the Lake 
Trout, is distinguished from the Salmon by its small 
scattered crescent-shaped spots. The flesh is yellowish. 
It is found in large lakes, and grows to the weight 
of fifty pounds. 
Plate XIX. fig. b. Salmo hucho is found in the 
Danube and its southern affluents, where it grows 
to the length of six feet. The head is rather pointed, 
and the body and fins (except the pectorals) are 
covered with round brown spots. 
Plate XIX. fig. d. Salmo salvelinus inhabits 
the lakes of Southern Germany and Austria, and 
may be recognised by the prominent upper jaw, and 
the orange-yellow spots, bordered with white, on 
the sides. It weighs from two to ten pounds. 
Plate XIX. fig. e. TZhymallus vulgaris, the 
Grayling , resembles the Trout in form, and in its 
preference for clear cool mountain-streams, but it is 
a rather larger fish with a small gape, a_ broader 
belly, and ash-coloured sides. It spawns in April 
and May. 
Plate XIX. fig. f. Coregonus wartmanni is a 
representative of an almost toothless genus. The 
long body is blue above and on the sides, silvery 
beneath, and not spotted. It is found in the lakes 
of Southern Germany, where it is captured in as 
great abundance as the herring in the Northern seas. 
It attains a length of two feet, and spawns in 
December. 
Plate XIX. fig. g. Osmerus eperlanus, the 
Smelt, has a wide mouth, well furnished with teeth. 
Its head looks semitransparent, and it has a_ pro- 
jecting lower jaw. The back is grey, the sides 
greenish blue, and the belly reddish. It spawns in 
May, and is taken in large numbers in lakes and 
estuarics. 
Family V. Esocid#. These are voracious 
fishes, found only in fresh water, and confined to 
the North Temperate Zone. The head is compressed 
and bealk-like, and the mouth is armed with formidable 
teeth. Air-bladder simple. Adipose fin absent. 
