Order II. 
99 
46a 
Hymenoptera. 
Plate XXV. (left side). 
Mandibulate insects, with complete metamor- | 
phoses, and two pairs of veined wings, differing in 
size. There are always five joints to the tarsi. There 
are three simple eyes (ocelli) placed in a triangle, 
on the top of the head. The three principal divisions 
of the body are usually connected together by slender 
stalks, and the female is either provided with an 
ovipositor, or with a sting communicating with a 
poison-gland. The Hymenoptera live on various ani- 
mal and vegetable substances, and lay colourless eggs. 
The larve are generally footless and inactive, except 
in the Zenthredinid@. Some species live in nests in large 
communities, and thus rear their young. The honey- 
bee has been domesticated from the earliest times. 
Section I. Hymenoptera Terebrantia. 
Boring Hymenoptera. 
In these, the female is provided with an ovi- 
positor which she employs to lay her eggs upon 
plants, or in the bodies of other insects. 
Family I. Tenthredinide. The Saw-flies are 
sluggish insects, with a broad head, compressed body, 
with no marked division between the thorax and 
abdomen, and a straight or curved saw in a sheath 
beneath the extremity of the abdomen in the female. 
They feed on the leaves of various plants, and some 
produce galls on willows. Their larva resemble 
caterpillars, but have from 18 to 22 legs; true cater- 
pillars have never more than sixteen. 
Fig. a. Hylotoma ros@ is a species which feeds 
on rose-leaves. The larvae are green with rows of 
black spots, and form double cocoons, in which they | 
change to pup. 
Fig. b. Lophyrus pini. The male is black, 
and the female, which is larger, is yellowish. The 
green larva is very destructive in pine-forests. It 
passes the winter in a white cocoon. 
Fig. c.  Trichiosoma betuleti is one of the 
largest species. It is black, with reddish abdomen. 
The fullgrown larva is bright green, with white warts 
scattered irregularly over it, and a yellow head. It 
eats the leaves of the birch, and becomes a pupa 
in a brown barrel-shaped case, fixed to a branch. 
Family I. 
ble the Ichneumons in the long ovipositor of the 
female, but their abdomen is continuous with the 
thorax, and not contracted at the base. 
Fig. d. Stvex gigas is black, with part of the 
abdomen yellow. It bores through the bark of the 
pine-tree with its ovipositor, and deposits an egg in 
the cleft. When the larva is hatched, it eats a gallery into 
the interior of the tree, and there becomes a pupa. 
Family IIL Ichneumonidae. These insects differ 
much in form, but the females all possess a long 
ovipositor enclosed in a double sheath. With this, 
they lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects, or 
in their eggs or pupx. They are very numerous in 
species, and many are adorned with brillant colours. 
Fig. e. <Anomalon circumflexum has a dark- 
coloured head and thorax, and a yellowish-red ab- 
domen, tipped with black. This species attacks and 
destroys the larva and pupe of the large pine-tree 
moth, Eutricha piii. 
Fig. f. Pimpla manifestator is black, with 
reddish yellow legs. It seeks out larve and pupe 
in the most retired hiding-places. 
Siricida. The Wood-wasps resem- | 

| leaves. 

Family IV. Braconide. These are distinguished 
from the /chneumonide by their having fewer veims 
in the wings. 
Fig. g. Microgaster glomeratus is shining black, 
with the belly and the greater part of the legs reddish 
yellow. It is specially destructive to the caterpillars 
of the white butterflies. 
Family V. Cynipida. The Gall-Flies are small 
hump-backed insects, with a short stalked oval or 
raised and laterally compressed abdomen, filiform 
antenna, and a rather prominent sheath, containing 
a long ovipositor. The wings are as long or 
longer than the body, but are sometimes absent in 
the females, They are generally black or brown, 
and tolerably uniform in colour. The females lay 
their eggs under the cuticle of various leaves or 
stalks, which gives rise to galls, which are hard or 
spongy excrescences in which the larve live either 
singly or in numbers. Some form their pupz in the 
galls, and others outside. Ink is prepared from some 
kinds of oak-galls found on the shores of the Mediter- 
ranean. The flies only live a short time, and take no food. 
Fig. h. Cynips scutellaris produces the round 
fleshy oak-apple found on the undersurface of oak- 
The fly has a shining black abdomen, and 
reddish brown head and legs. 
Fig. i. Rhodites rose has a broad black head, 
and reddish brown legs and abdomen. ‘The thorax 
is black. It produces the moss-like gall called 
bedeguar on dog-roses. 
Section Il. Hymenoptera Aculeata. 
Stinging Hymenoptera. 
The female is provided with a sharp sting. 
Family VL Chrysidida. The Ruby-tail Flies 
are small hump-backed insects which can roll them- 
selves into a ball by turning the abdomen beneath 
the breast. The antennz are angulated, and the 
ovipositor short, but strong. The larve live as 
parasites in the nests of wasps and bees. 
Fig. k. Chrysis ignita is one of the commonest 
species. The thorax and the first segment of the 
abdomen are bright metallic blue, and the rest of 
the abdomen shining golden. It lays its eggs in the 
nests of wall-bees, and fossorial wasps. 
Family VII. Sphegidea. These are slender 
wasps with a long stalked abdomen, and spiny hind 
tibia. They lay their eggs in holes, along with a store 
of caterpillars or spiders, which they have disabled 
with their sting, to serve as food for the young larve. 
Fig. 1. Ammophila sabulosa is black, with a red 
ring round the abdomen, which is long and stalked, 
and the mouth is produced into a sort of proboscis. 
Fig. m. TZrypoxylon figulus is a slender black 
insect, which bores holes in wood, which it lines 
inside with clay. 
Family VIII. Pompilidea. These insects dig 
holes in-the ground, and provision them with cater- 
pillars for their young. Sometimes, too, they store 
up flies and other insects instead. 
Fig. n. FPompilus viaticus is usually met with 
on sunny pathways. The body and tips of the wings 
are black, and the abdomen red, with a black ring 
at the end of each segment. 
Family IX. Formicidae. The Ants 
have an- 
; gulated antenne, and a slender body, with the prin- 
