Order II]. Lepidoptera. 
The Lepidoptera have a long body, a spiral 
tube through which they suck their food, and which 
is placed between the movable palpi, and four large 
wings, covered with scales, and of varied colours 
and markings. The antenne are moderately long, 
and of different shapes. The eyes are large, and 
ocelli, or simple eyes, are also frequently present. 
There are six legs, sometimes unequally developed. 
They feed chiefly on the honey of flowers. They 
only live a short time, and many are destroyed by 
birds and bats. 
Lepidoptera \ay eggs, which produce caterpillars 
provided with from § to 8 pairs of legs. Caterpillars 
may be smooth, hairy, bristly, or spiny &c. They 
feed on leaves, and are often very destructive. The 
pupa is incapable of movement or feeding. 
Section I. Rhopalocera. (Butterflies.) 
Butterflies have broad wings, generally of 
bright colours, and a knob at the end of the antenna. 
They fly by day. The larvae always have 16 legs, 
and the front legs of the perfect insect are frequent- 
ly shorter than the others. 
Plate XXV (right side). 
Family I. Nymphalida. The butterflies of this 
group are of large or moderate size, and of rich 
dark colours. The first pair of legs is imperfectly 
developed. The pupa is suspended by the tail, and 
the caterpillars are either spiny, or provided with a 
forked tail. 
Fig. 1. Lrebra Medea, the Scotch Argus, is 
our commonest British representative of a genus of 
butterflies of very similar colours, which are more 
numerous on the Continent than with us. They 
are almost confined to mountainous regions, and no 
species are met with in the South of England. 
Fig. m. Lpuephile Fanira, the Meadow Brown, 
is one of our commonest butterflies in the fields at 
haymaking time. 
Fig. k.  AMelanargia Galathea, the Marbled 
White, on the other hand, though common where 
it occurs, is a local insect with us. The three butter- 
flies just mentioned have smooth caterpillars with 
forked ta‘ls, which feed on grass. 
Fig. a. Melita Cynthia. The Fritillaries are 
reddish butterflies with black markings on the upper 
surface, and pale chequered markings beneath. The 
species figured is remarkable for the white spots on 
the upper surface of the male; it is found in the 
Alps in June and July. 
Fig. b. <Argynnits Faphia, the Silver-washed 
Fritillary, is one of our handsomest butterflies, and 
not uncommon in some places in woods in summer. 
The species of Argynuzs differ from those of Melz- 
tea in having silvery markings on the undersurface 
of the wings; and in A. Faphia the hind wings are 
adorned with three silvery stripes. 
Fig. c. Argyunis Lathonia, the Queen of Spain 
Fritillary, is rare in the South of England in autumn. 
The hind wings are covered with large square silvery 
spots. In other spotted species of Avgyuuzs the silver 
spots are round, and much smaller. The caterpillars of 
the Fritillaries are spiny, and feed on various low 
plants, especially violets. 
Fig d. Pyramets Atalanta, the Red Admiral, is 

common in gardens in autumn. The caterpillar feeds 
(Butterflies and Moths.) 
on nettles, spinning some of the leaves together. The 
pupa is ash-coloured, with gilded spots. 
Fig. e. Vanessa Jo, the Peacock Butterfly, is 
often found in lanes in summer, where the black 
caterpillar feeds on nettles. 
Fig. f. Vanessa Antiopa, the Camberwell 
Beauty, is rare in England, and is more in the habit 
of feeding on ripe fruit than the other species of 
Vanessa. The larva feeds on poplars and willows 
Fig. g. Vanessa Folychloros. The Large Tor- 
toise-shell Butterfly is met with in the South of 
England on the borders of woods; the caterpillar 
feeds on willows, elms &c. 
Fig. h. Vanessa urtice. The Small Tortoise- 
shell is one of the commonest species of the genus 
in gardens, woods &c., and the caterpillar feeds on 
nettle. The larvie of Pyramezs and Vanessa are 
spiny. and the butterflies (except Pyramers Atalanta, 
which is rarely seen before June at the earliest) 
hibernate, and are to be found throughout the fine 
part of the year. In fact, in very mild seasons, an 
occasional specimen of Vanessa urtice may be 
noticed on the wing during almost every winter 
month. 
Fig. i. Apatura fris, the Purple Emperor, the 
largest of the British Nymphalid@, may be seen at 
Midsummer flying round the tops of trees (espe- 
cially oaks) in woods in the South of England. The 
caterpillar is green, with oblique yellow lines, and 
two horns on the head; it feeds principally on 
sallow. 
Family Il. Lycenida. These are small butter- 
flies, blue, copper-coloured or brown, with eve-like 
spots or white lines on the undersurface. The front 
legs are imperfectly developed in the males. The 
caterpillars are oval, somewhat resembling woodlice 
in shape, and the pupa is attached by the tail, and 
by a belt of silk round the body. 
Fig. n. Lycena Icarus, the Common Blue, 
varies a little in size and colour, but may easily be 
recognised by the white fringes to the blue wings. The 
female is blue or dark brown, with a row of red spots on 
the margins of at least the hind wings. The under- 
side is brownish grey, bluish towards the base, and 
marked with several round black spots in wite rings. 
The larva feeds on clover. 
Fig. 0. Chrysophanus virgauree, the Scarce 
Copper, may be known by its intense copper-colour, 
and by one or two white markings on the under- 
surface of the hind wings, which no other European 
species of the genus exhibits. It is an extremely 
rare species in England, so rare, in fact, that it is 
hardly reckoned among our indigenous British butter- 
flies. The larva feeds om Golden Rod. 
Fig. p. Thecla Fetule, the Brown Hairstreak, 
is found in autumn in the South of England and 
Ireland in woods and along hedges, but is not a 
very common species. The male is brown, hardly 
exhibiting a trace of the orange blotch on the fore 
wings shown in our figure of the female. The under- 
surface is dull orange, with a brownish band, edged 
on both sides with white lines. The caterpillar feeds 
on sloe. 
Family II. Papilionida. These are white or 
yellow butterflies, of large or moderate size. They 
have six perfect legs, and the pupa is attached by 
the tail, and a belt round the body. In the first 
two genera, the inner margin of the hind wings is 
ee 
— 
