2 

concave, and the caterpillars have a retractile fork 
on the neck; in the others, the inner margin of the 
hind wings forms a kind of gutter to receive the 
abdomen, and the larve have no fork on the neck. 
Fig. q. Papilio Machaon, the Swallow-Tail, is 
one of the largest of the European butterflies. Al- 
though common on the Continent, it is now only 
found in England in the feriny districts of the South- 
eastern countries. The green caterpillar with black 
bands and orange spots feeds on umbelliferous plants. 
Fig. r. Fapilio Podalirius, the Scarce Swallow- 
Tail, is a woodland insect, and its green, red spot- 
ted caterpillar feeds on sloe, and various other trees. 
This insect is now extinct in England. 
Fig. s. FParnassius Apollo is a common A\I- 
pine butterfly, but is not British; the caterpillar is 
black, dotted with blue and yellow, and feeds on 
saxifrages. 
Plate XXVI (left hand). 
Fig. a. Prerts brassice, the Large White Cab- 
bage Buttery, is 
common every- 
where, and_ its 
green caterpillar 
is very destructive 
to all kinds of cab- 
bage. The female 
butterfly differs 
from our figure of 
the male in having 
two black spots 
on the fore wings, 
and a streak on 
the inner margin. 
Fig. b. Colas Hyale, the Pale Clouded Yellow 
is scarce in England, though one of the commonest 
of autumn butterflies on the Continent. We have 
figured a female; the male is of a more sulphur- 
yellow colour. The green caterpillar feeds on clover. 
Fig. c. Gonepteryx Rhamnt, the Brimstone 
Butterfly, is common in woods both in spring and 
autumn. The female is of a whitish-sulphur colour, 
The green caterpillar feeds on buckthorn. 
Family IV. Hesperiidae. The Skippers are 
,small brown, black and white. 
with’ six perfect legs, 
a large head, with the 
antenne, which are 
generally hooked, 

short wings. The cater- 
pillars change to ee 
between leaves. 
Fig. d. Lhymeli- 
cus Thaumas, the Small 
Skipper, is tawny, with 
brown borders, and Z 
there is a black streak 
on the fore wings of the male. It is common 
in meadows in July and August, and the green cater- 
pillar feeds on grass. 
Fig. e. LErynnis Alce@ is a dull-coloured and 
rather variable butterfly, which is found in grassy 
places in many parts of the Continent, but not in 
England. Its grey caterpillar feeds on mallow. 
Section Hf. Heterocera. (Moths.) 
The Moths vary much in structure and habits. 
The antenne are variously formed, but are never 


Larva of Oleander Hawk-moth. 

or tawny butterflies, | feeds 


Larva of Sparge Hawk-moth. 

| 
| 
knobbed at the extremity, as in the butterflies; and 
many of the species are of dull colours, and fly at 
dusk or at night. The larve have from 10 to 16 
legs; and the. front legs of the perfect insects are 
fully developed. The first four families are called 
Sphinges, and the following seven families are called 
Bombyces, but have fewer characters to justify their 
being classed together than the succeeding groups 
of Lepidoptera. 
Family L Sphingida. (Hawk-Moths.) These 
are large or moderate-sized moths with thick bodies, 
narrow wings, large eyes, and spindle-shaped, and 
frequently serrated, antenne. They hold their wings 
horizontally or sloping, and fly rapidly at dusk, or 
at night, and a few species fly by day. The larve 
are naked, or thinly haired, and are generally pro- 
vided with a fleshy horn at the extremity of the back. 
They feed on low plants, or on trees, and undergo their 
transformations in the ground, or in a slight cocoon 
on the surface. 
Vig. f. Smerinthus ocellatus is a.very beautiful 
and not uncom- 
mon species. The 
caterpillar is blu- 
ish green with 
white dots and 
lines, and feeds 
on willow, apple, 
and other trees. 
The species of 
Smerinthus differ 
from the other 
Sphingide inhav- 
ing a short pro- 
boscis , d2ntated 
and a very heavy flight. 
Fig. g. Smerinthus Populi, the Poplar Hawk- 
moth, is perhaps the commonest of the larger 
Sphingide. The green larva with yellow oblique 
lines is often met with on poplar. 
Fig h. Daphuis Neriz, the Oleander Hawk- 
moth, is abundant in Africa and Southern Asia, but 
is only a rare and casual visitor in warm summers 
in Central and Northern Europe. The caterpillar jis 
green, with a whitish stripe on the sides, and 
on oleander and_ periwinkle. 
Fig. i. Cherocampa 
Elpenor, the Elephant 
Hawk-moth, is a much 
commoner insect. It 
derives its name from 
the structure of the 
caterpillar, which has 
the front of the body 
narrowed and retractile 
(as has also that of 
Daphnis Nerit) which 
has been  fancifully 
thought to give it some 
resemblance to an elephant’s trunk. This caterpiilar, 
which is either green or brown, feeds chiefly on 
willow-herb. 
Fig. k. Detlephila Euphorbie, the Spurge 
Hawk-moth, is common on the Continent, but very 
rare in England. The caterpillar , which generally 
feeds on spurge growing in exposed places, is very 
beautifully coloured. It is very dark green, with 
white dots, and brigth red lines on the back and 
wings, 
| sides. There is a large yellow spot on each seg- 
ment, and a smaller white dot beneath it. It forms 
its pupa underground, or among leaves. 
