30 
orchard and forest trees. They feed chiefly at night, 
and change to a brown pupa in the | 
ground in July. The caterpillars are 
brown with a yellow line on the sides. 
Fig. x. Chetmatobia brumata is 
the commonest of the winter moths, 
and is very destructive to fruit-trees. WANY 
The moths appear from October to De- W \N 
cember, and the males fly about on fine “2erwia de- 
autumn days, while the females creep up /2/477@-female 
the trees, and lay about 250 eggs on the buds. As 
the leaves develop, the eggs hatch, and the cater- 
pillars spin leaves and flowers together, until their 
webs sometimes cover whole trees. The caterpillars 
continue to grow till the middle of June, when they 
let themselves down from the trees by slender threads, 
and form their pupe in the ground. The habits 
of the moths make it easy to protect the trees by 
placing belts of tar or lime round the trunks, which 
the females cannot pass. 

The Pyrales have long fore wings and broad 
hind wings, a spiral proboscis, simple antenne, long 
hind legs, and larvae with seven pairs of legs, and 
small warts and hairs. They form their pupe in the 
ground, or in a cocoon between leaves. 
Cataclysta lemnata has white wings with brown 
markings, and is very common about —— , , 
ponds. Its brown larva feeds on SPY 
duck-weed, or, according to some 
authors, on reeds. 



Crambus margaritellus is one of the Grass 
Moths, many species of which are 
common in meadows. It is ochreous- 
brown, with a broad silvery-white 
streak on the fore wings. 

The Tortrices are generally small moths, with 
the fore wings not much narrower than the fore 
wings, and cut off square at the ends. The antenne 
are simple. Their caterpillars often roll themselves 
up in leaves. 
Fig. t. Hylophila bicolorana, the Scarce Green 
Silver-lines, belongs to a small group of moths of 
uncertain position, which some authors place with 
the Tortrices. It is not quite so rare an insect 
as might by supposed from its name, which it de- 
rives from there being a commoner moth allied to 
it with 3 oblique instead of 2 straight lines on the 
fore wings. Its yellowish-green larva feeds on oak. 
Lortrix viridana, the Green Oak-Tortrix, has 
D> 

green fore wings bordered with yellowish in front, 
and brown hind wings bordered with white. The 



caterpillar is green, spotted with black, and feeds on 
oaks. It is a very abundant insect. 
Tortrix heparana. which has brown fore wings 
and grey hind wings is common 
in summer. Its greyish-green cater- 
pillar lives in the rolled up leaves 
of trees. 
The Tinee have long slender 

antennz, long 
narrow wings with long fringes, and naked larvae, 
often with imperfect legs. Some make themselves 
cases, and others mine in the stalks and leaves of 
plants. They form the most numerous group of the 
Lepidoptera, and notwithstanding their small size, 
many are injurious. 
Fig. y. Zzuea sarcitella is ashy grey, with a 
white dot on each side of the back. The larvee are 
very destructive to woollen fabrics. 
Fig. z. Tinea pellionella is another equally 
destructive clothes-moth, which attacks furs. The 
moth has grey fore wings with a gilded lustre, and 
white hind wings. 
Fig. aa. Tinea granella has pale grey fore 
wings with dark brown and silvery white markings; 
the hind wings are grey. The caterpillar feeds on 
corn, and is often very destructive. 
Euplocamus anthracinalis, one of the largest 
of the European 77xee, is 
not found in England. It 
is black, with white spots 
on the fore wings, and is 
found in woods. The cater- 
pillar lives in the fungi 
which infest trees. 
Coleophora laricella is a little grey moth which 
sometimes flies in swarms in larch woods. The 
caterpillar lives in the larch-needles, and y 
constructs itself a yellowish case, which =e 
It feeds on the chlorophyll 
if 

it always carries with it. 
of the needles. aN y 
Adela Degeerella, the we 
Long-horn Moth, is of a gol- x f 
den colour, with a white band x y. 
on the fore wings; it is found 
in woods. The caterpillar lives 
on the ground in a case formed 
of two fragments of leaf, and 
feeds on low plants. 
In the Pterophorid#, the fore wings are cleft 
into two feathers, and the hind wings into three. 
The legs and antennie are long and slender. The 
larvee are stout and hairy, and the pupa is naked. 
The commonest species is Pterophorus pentadactylus, 
the White Plume Moth, which is very common in gardens 
and weedy places; it is a little over an inch in ex- 
panse. The pale green caterpillar has 16 legs, and 
feeds on convolvulus. 
In the Alucite, the wings are each cleft into 
six feathers. The only British 
species, Alucita hexadactyla, 
the Twenty-plume Moth, is a 
small yellowish - grey moth, 
which is common in gardens 
and woods, where its naked 
larva feeds in the buds of the 
honeysuckle, and changes to 
a pupa in a cocoon. 



Twenty-plume Moth 
(magnified), 
