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Section 1V. Aphaniptera. 
Family XX. Pulicida. In the Fleas, the body 
is wingless and laterally compressed, the head is 
small and bent forwe’ds, and the antenne are 
short, with from 2 to 4 joints. The thorax and ab- 
domen are not distinctly separated. The legs are 
long, and the hind legs are thick, and formed for 
leaping. They live parasitically on men and animals, 
and suck their blood, and the larve live among de- 
caying substances, between the cracks of boards &c. 

Fig. n. Pulex trritans. The common Fiea 1s 
an oval reddish brown insect. The smail whitish 
larvee change to pupz in a silken cocoon. 
Fig. 0. Sarcopsylla penetrans, the Chigoe, is 
very small, and the proboscis is as long as the body. 
It lives in sancy places in South America, and bur- 
rows in the flest:, often between the toes or under 
the nails, causing dangerous ulcers if neglected, both 
in man and beast. 
Order V. Neuroptera. 
Plate XXIV (right side). 
The Neuropiera have a rather long body, four 
membranous wings, which are usually of similar 
texture, and traversed by net-like, or else by longi- 
tudinal nervures. The jaws are usually formed for 
biting, and the insects are carnivorous in all their 
stages. The larve live in the water, in dry ground, 
or on trees. 
The metamorphosis is complete or incomplete ; 
in the former case, the larva and pupa are dissimilar 
to the perfect insect, and the pupa is quiescent; in 
the latter, the larva resembles the perfect insect, 
except that it is wingless when it quits the egg. 
As it grows it moults several times, and at the last 
moult before assuming the perfect state it acquires 
the rudiments of wings. It is then called a pupa, 
though it still continues to move and eat; and when 
it casts off this skin, the perfect insect appears. 
In the first families of Neuroptera, the meta- 
morphosis is 
complete; and 
in the others 
incomplete. 
Those with in- 

Fig. |. Phryganea grandis, the largest species, 
is by no means uncommon. It has ashy-grey fore 
wings with brown markings, and the hind wings are 
transparent, with yellowish brown nervures. The 
larve live in standing or running water, and make 
themselves cases of the stalks of leaves. 
Family Il. Sialida. The wings are coloured, 
and the hind wings are broader at the base than the 
fore wings, but are not folded. The antenne are 
simple, and longer than the head. 
Stalis lutarius has a dark 
brown body, and light brown 
wings with dark nervures. The 
perfect insect is carnivorous, and 
flies about heavily near water. 
The larva lives in water, but when 
about to become a pupa, it creeps out on the bank. 
Family Ul. Raphiide. (Snake-Flies.) The 
prothorax is 
long and nar- 
row, as is also 
the neck,which 
bears the small 


















































































































































































































































complete me- head. The 
tamorphoses carnivorous 
are frequently larvee frequent 
included by the bark of 
modern — wri- trees. 
ters with the Fig. p. 
Orthoptera, Raphidia opht- 
though the opsts is dark 
propriety of brown, with 
this arrange- yellow stripes 
ment may be on the  ab- 
doubted. domen. It is 
Family I. usually found 
Phryganide. ; among trees 
(Caddis - flies.) = and bushes, 
These insects wherethelarva 


often resemble 


destroys num- 














moths. They 






bers of inju- 













have long 
simple anten- 
nie, two ocelli, 
the wings are frequently hairy instead of scaly, and the 
hind wings are folded, and shorter than the fore wings. 
The larvee construct cases for themselves of different 
materials, in which they creep about at the bottom of 
the water. Some are composed of fine grains of sand, 
others of very small shells, and others again of bits of 
wood or straw, which are arranged either crosswise or 
lengthwise. In these cases the larvie live and change 
to pups, when they close the entrance with a lattice- 
work formed of thin layers of brown silk. 

Piryganea grandis and larva 

rious insects. 
Family IV. 
Panorpide. 
(Scorpion-Flies.) The head is provided witha long 
beak, and the abdomen of the male terminates in 
a forceps. The wings have only a few veins, and 
are either of equal length, or the hind wings are 
the longest. 
Fig. 0. Fanorpa communis has a dark body, 
and dark brown bands and spots on the wings. The 
beak, and the forceps of the male are red. The 
flies are found about bushes and hedges, where they 
and their larvee prey on other insects. 
