41 
Section IL, 
In the Homoptera, the wings are of uniform 
consistency throughout, and the fore and hind wings 
are genefally similar. The antenne are usually short. 
Family X. Cicadide. The Czcadide have a 
broad head with large eyes and a long proboscis. 
The fore wings are considerably longer than the hind 
wings. There are two cavities on the undersurface 
of the first segment of the abdomen, at the base of 
which a membrane is stretched, which is contracted 
by a strong muscle, by which the insects are able 
to produce a loud singing. 
Cicada ornt is common in Southern Europe on 
the manna- << 
yielding ash. 
It is yellowish 
with the seg- 
ments of the 
abdomen 
bordered ry 
with red, and a row of black spots on the fore wings. 
Fig. hh. Zacua speciosa is a magnificent insect 
found in the East Indies, which makes a drumming 
which can be heard for a very long distance. 
Family XI. Fulgoride. The Lantern and Candle 
Flies have a long head which is often produced in- 
to a spine or a bladder. The wings are generally 
coloured. The large species are natives of hot cli- 
mates, and are now believed not to be luminous, as 
was formerly asserted. 
Fig. gg. Fulgora laternaria, the largest species, 
is a native of South America, and is very remarkable 
for the immense protuberance on its head. The Indi- 
ans believe that it can inflict a dangerous wound 
with its proboscis. 
Fig. ff. Dictyophora europea is an illustration 
of a European species with a somewhat similar ex- 
crescense. 
Family XII Membracide. In these insects, the 
head is vertical, or even bent downwards and _ in- 
wards, and the prothorax is ornamented with large 
spines and protuberances. The fore wings are gene- 
rally membranous. 
Fig. ii. Centrotus cornutus is found in woods 
on ferns and bushes, especially hazel. It is dull black, 
with white hairs, and is about a quarter of an inch 
long. The wings are brownish hyaline. 
Family XII]. Cercopide. The body is gene- 
rally short, and the head horizontal. The larvae suck 
the juice of low plants, and then discharge it, so 
that they are entirely surrounded with froth. 
Fig. kk. Aphrophora spumaria is greyish brown 
with two yellow bands on the wings, and is very 
common, but it leaps so quickly that it is not easy 
to catch. Its froth-covered larva is called the 
Cuckoo-Spit, and is found everywhere on grass and 
bushes. 
Fig. ll. Cercopis sanguinolenta is a pretty little 
red and black insect which is likewise common upon 
flowers and bushes. It is about a quarter of an inch 
jong, and leaps very well. 
Family XIV. Aphida. The Plant-lice are small 
soft little insects with oval bodies, filiform antenne, 
with from 5 to 7 joints, and generally two short 
tubes at the extremity of the abdomen, through 
which they discharge a sweet fluid, which is known 
as honey-dew. They are found on the leaves of 
various plants in great numbers in spring and sum- 
Homoptere. 


mer. These broods are wingless, and reproduce 
their kind asexually, and are much sought after by 
ants for the sake of the honey-dew. In the autumn, 
perfect males and females are developed, with deli- 
cate wings. The Afphzde@ are very injurious to the 
plants which they infest, but have many enemies, 
especially the Ladybirds and Lace-winged Flies. They 
are also liable to the attacks of parasites. 
Fig. mm. Aphis rose is a dark green species 
with raised wings, which is often 
seen in great numbers on the 
young shoots of roses, when the 
leaves curl up. The figure repre- 
sents a wingless female. 
Lachnus punctatus is an ashy 
grey insect, with a row of black satiny dots on the 
abdomen. It may be found in early spring on the 
shoots of the willow. 
Fig. nn. Schizoneura lanigera, the American 
Blight, is one of the greatest pests to our apple- 
trees. The wingless females are covered with wool, 
and lay their eggs at the end of autumn, while some 
hibernate in the chinks of the bark. The young 
insects fix themselves to the branches, and drain the 
bark of the sap, especially in the case of the more 
delicate trees, in which the stems swell, the bark 
drops off, and the trees die. The colonies soon 
multiply a hundredfold, and cover the branches 
with their white wool. Many remedies have been 
suggested, some very simple (soap-suds, for instance). 
Fig. 00. Phylloxera vastatrix, the Vine Aphis 
is also said to have been imported from America. 
It is a terrible pest, and destroys whole vineyards, 
and appears in two broods, one above and one beneath 
the ground. Other Aphides assume the winged 
form, and pair in autumn; but with this species 
it is different. Here the winged form is asexual, 
and gives birth to pupe from which sexual 
forms are developed in autumn, which pair imme- 
diately, and lay eggs which do not hatch till the 
following spring. In April, the young Aphides climb 
to the leaves, and form small galls, in which they 
lie hid till June. After several moults and several 
broods, large egg-laying individuals appear in autumn, 
either from the subterranean or from the aerial brood, 
which either lay their eggs above ground under bark, 
or hibernate at the roots. 
The Phylloxere beneath the ground suck the 
roots, causing knotty excrescences , and they mul- 
tiply prodigiously through an indefinite number of 
generations if warmth and food do not fail them. 
It is very difficult to destroy them, as the winged 
forms carry the pest to other vineyards. 
Family XV. Coccida. The Scale Insects have 
long antenne, and a short proboscis only present 
in the female. The two-winged male undergoes a 
perfect metamorphosis, while that of the wingless 
female is incomplete. They are inactive plant-feed- 
ing insects, and some of the southern species yield 
a brilliant red dye. 
Fig. pp. Coccus Cacti. We have figured the 
female of the Cochineal Insect. It is carefully reared 
in Mexico, South America, and the West Indies for 
the sake of the crimson dye which is obtained from it. 
The male is blood-red, with milk-white wings. 

Section III, Anoplura. 
. < . 
The Lice are small insects with flat semitrans- 
parent bodies, in which there is no distinct division 
