DERIVATION OF THK FLORA AND FAUNA 397 



selii, Galium iiuisafuoajiuiii and 6 lirigeroii. The Boreal character of these genera 

 is rccoonizeti. This element extended south along the precursors of the late Tertiary 

 mountains; the species of ^i^if/YAsV/.v (?), Spcrgnlaria, Bcihcris, Carda))ii7ie and (Ga- 

 lium ha\e their closest relatixes either in the tropical Andes [Bcrbcris] or in Chile. 

 Erigeroi deserves special attention on account of the large number of Andean 

 species nearly related to each other but less so to the insular group, which shows 

 a remarkable differentiation: E.fruticosus and its cognate luteoviridis, the three 

 herbaceous rosette herbs, and the peculiar R. rupicola of the coast rocks; of these 

 fruticosus is found on both islands and the other species endemic on Masafuera. 



Nine non-endemic species, all found in Chile, also belong here, I'risctuiii, Carcx 

 B(Viksii, Paronychia, Cardamine flaccida, Calliirichc, Ritbus, Eiiipctrui/i, Calystegia 

 and Giiaphaliuiii, and, among the ferns, perhaps Cyslopleris. Rubus gcoides forms 

 together with R. radicaiis an isolated section but has a more southerly distribution 

 but all may have reached Juan Fernandez from South Chile. 



Finally, Ciuiiiiiia remains to be accounted for. Whether we link it with the 

 palaeotropical Prasioideae, which seems to be the best way, or with Bystropogon, 

 it stands out as an isolated relict genus. 



I have distinguished a large Antarcto-tertiary element, over 40 % of the 

 angiosperms and 60 % of the ferns. Among the former there are three or, if Lac- 

 toris is kept aside, two groups; one of them (i) is still represented in South 

 America, the other (2) not. In (i) two types can be distinguished, (a) not confined 

 to subantarctic or alpine habitats and demanding a milder climate; to this lot I 

 refer Ihiciiiia Douglasii and costata, Driinys, Plnygilaiit/iiis, Escalloiiia, Maigyri- 

 carpus, Sop/iora, Giinnera, Apiiini, Pernettya, and possibly Plantago fcynaiidezia. 

 All have relatives in Chile. To these are added the species also occurring on the 

 vcidXvXdiXxd.: Danthonia, Koelcria, Jinicus, Libcrtia, Acaciia (9^'(7/^(?//« (indigenous.-) 

 Centella and Nertera\ the two grasses are, however, onl)- tentatively referred to 

 this element. 



The occurrence of an Antarctic element in the T^ocene flora of the mainland 

 has been demonstrated. Berry lists Arancaria, Libocedrus, Drimys, Enibothrimn, 

 Laurelia and Eucryphia from the Pichileufu beds; even if the "magnolia stock" 

 is of Boreal origin this does not exclude the possibility that the W'interaceae 

 radiated from Antarctica, a parallel case to Fagaceae and NotJiofagus. 



If we follow CoPELAND many of the ferns also belong to i a: HyinenoglossuDi, 

 five species of Hyjitenophyllum, Lophosoria, PolystichiiDi, BlecJniuDi, BJypolcpis, 

 Histiopteris, Glcichenia pedalis (indigenous.') and Lycopodiuni scanosu))i. 



Group 1 b includes the so-called Subantarctic-Magellanian element inhabiting 

 Fuegia, the Falkland Islands, etc. ranging north along the Andes and belonging 

 to a well-known circumpolar assemblage of genera and species. Here we find 

 Oreobolus, Ujicinia brcvicaulis, phleoides and tenuis, and LageiwpJiora Jiirsuta, 

 further three endemic species, Acae?ia viasafuerana, Abrotanella crassipes, both 

 with near relatives in West Patagonia-Fuegia, finally Agrostis i>iasafuera7ia, if its 

 relation to the bicentric A. magcllanica is confirmed after monographic treat- 

 ment. I brought it to the boreal group. The following pteridophytes are attached 



