1885.] 'lightning' and 'porcupine' expeditions. 53 



Cerithium. It has no operculum. Professor G. O. Sars has kiudly 

 furnished me with the following remarks as to the odontopbore of 

 L. granosa compared with that of C. tuberculatum : — " In the former 

 it is remarkably slender, and has all the plates (including the uncini) 

 nearly uniform in shape and strongly curved, almost hooked, without 

 distinctly marked secondary teeth ; whereas in C. tuberculatum the 

 odontopbore (as in C. reticulatum) is comparatively short and broad, 

 with the middle and lateral plates strongly denticulated at the edge, 

 and the uncini rather slender. Moreover the jiws in the two forms 

 are of a somewhat different shape." I do not, however, attach 

 much importance to the character of dentition alone, because it must 

 depend on the nature of the food, and cannot be distinguishable in 

 the fossil state. 



At first sight the Crag form would seem to be different from the 

 recent or liviug form, because the former is cancellated or reticulated, 

 while the latter has spiral striae only. But this difference disappears 

 in the examination of a great many recent specimens, some of which 

 have the longitudinal striae or ribs stronger and more developed than 

 in other specimens : this partly accounts for the sculpture, and some 

 allowance must be made for the rubbed or abraded condition of nearly 

 all fossil (and especially Red Crag) shells. One of my recent speci- 

 mens is uuiibrnily reticulated. 



1. Cerithium tuberculatum, Linne. 



Strombus tuberculatus, L. S. N. p. 1213 ; B. C. iv. p. 2fi4. 



C. vulgatum, De Blainville, Fn. Frang. p. 153, pi. 6 A. f. 1, & 

 p. 154, same plate, f. 5 ; Phihppi, Moll. Sic. i. p. 192, t. xi. f. 3, 4, 

 5, 8, 9. 



'Porcupine' Exp. 1870: Atl. St. 26 (fragment); Med. Capo de 

 Gata, 55. 



Distribution. Bergen and Manger on the western coast of Norway, 

 in the stomachs of cod {M. Sars), Jersey (J. G. J. ; dead specimens), 

 Herm {Dodcl; also dead), Brest and adjacent coast (^Daniel), Porni- 

 chet in the Loire-inferieure (Cailliaud ; living), Atlantic coast of 

 Spain {Hidalgo), throughout the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Adriatic, 

 Senegal (Adansoti), Canaries (d'Orbigni/ and McAndrew), Madeira 

 {AlcAndrew) ; 0-120 fms. Inhabits the littoral and laminarian 

 zones. 



Fossil. Miocene, Pliocene, and Post-tertiary : Vienna and Bordeaux 

 Basins, Transylvania, Biot, Italy, Rhodes, Cos, Cyprus, Morea, 

 Algeria, and C. Verd I. 



This abundant species is of course extremely variable in respect of 

 the j)roportionate dimensions, size, and sculpture, and has received 

 numerous synonyms. Weinkauff has noted eleven. 



Caruana says that the Maltese name is " brancutlu," and that it 

 is used for food. 



2. Cerithium procerum, Jeffreys. (Plate VI. figs. 2, 2 a.) 

 C. procerum, Jeffr. in Ann. & Mag. N. H. April 1877, p. 322. 

 'Ligbtning' Exp. St. I. 



