1889.] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 333 
are due. The excellent catalogue (with plates) of Bornean shells 
compiled by Signor A. Issel in 1874 from the collections brought 
together by Signor G. Doria and Signor O. Beccari has been of great 
use and forms the basis of my work. I include in this paper all the 
species not seen by me, but there enumerated, with the names printed 
in italics, so as to bring the record up to date. I have also included 
all the species mentiored as from Borneo in Tenison-Woods’s “ Malay- 
sian Land and Freshwater Mollusea”’ (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 
ser. 2, vol. ii. pp. 1003-1095)—an imperfect list as regards Borneo. 
Some years ago I had placed in my hands by Mr, John Evans all 
the shells obtained by Mr. Everett when he was exploring the lime- 
stone caves in Borneo; these shells were all much weathered and in 
a very unsatisfactory state to name and describe, and it was desirable 
that a better knowledge of the living forms of Borneo should be first 
obtained before doing so. The specimens thus dug out of the floors of 
these caverns are now referred to in this paper. 
Mr. Everett at my request preserved a good number of his land- 
shells in spirit, and I am thus enabled to describe the anatomy of 
some of the Zonatide that I have had time to examine, which 
are of much interest. The greatest credit is due to Mr. Everett for 
adding so largely to our knowledge of the Molluscan Fauna of Borneo, 
for his labours have furnished us in this first part alone with no less 
than 34 new species, besides a very large number of other shells 
obtained by previous naturalists and collectors, some of which were 
rare and little known. Mr. Everett is returning to Borneo, and with 
this excellent commencement and foundation for future exploration 
will no doubt add many more to the novel and extremely interesting 
set of shells he has already discovered there. 
He has written me the following short description of the country, 
which gives an idea of its physical features. The accounts of the 
same district in the Journals of Rajah Sir James Brooke also indicate 
that it is a sort of paradise for land-shells, where numberless new 
species are yet to be found with proper search at the proper season, 
and when the hill-ranges are thoroughly explored. 
“The ‘plain’ at Labuan is simply an open grassy space bordering 
on Victoria Harbour and representing the original clearing of the 
settlement. It is composed partly of sea-sand and partly of old 
mangrove-mud and is intersected by ditches, which are often quite 
dry in the fine season, and in the rainy season are alternately filled 
with rain-water and with brackish or even purely salt-water according 
to the state of the tides. The-plain seems to have been originally 
swampy and covered with mangroves and white Casuarines on the 
sandy portions. The Busan Hills are situated perhaps a dozen miles 
from the sea as the crow flies, between Tegora and Kuching in Sarawak. 
They attain an elevation of about 500 feet, and are covered with old 
forest and the usual lower undergrowth, except where the scarps are 
too steep to admit of the lodgment of soil or of decaying vegetation. 
The rock is compact limestone, the surface of which is much fretted 
by the action of the rains, and where not exposed to direct sunlight 
is usually covered to a greater or less degree with a variety of mosses. 
