196 MR. E. B. POULTON ON THE PROTECTIVE [Mat. 1, 



by the Frogs, and probably in the case of the Spiders also (in fact, 

 Mr. Butler states that this was the case), but a bite from a Lizard 

 would always be very serious and generally fatal. Mr. Butler states 

 that the Lizards seized the distasteful larvae before rejecting them, 

 although this may not have been in many instances. Mr. Butler 

 has kindly given me an account of some further experiments upon 

 birds, the results of which are included in the Tables below. 



Professor Weismann (' Studies in the Theory of Descent,' PartIL, 

 pp. 336-340, English translation by Prof. Meldola) also experimented 

 Vi\i\\ Lacertu viridis, with the results tiiat the fi)llowing brightly 

 coloured distasteful larvae were refused : — C/isiocnmpa neustria, 

 Euchelia jacobcEcE, Pyycera bucephala, Pieris brnssiccB, Deilephila 

 gain. On the other hand, the very highly conspicuDus larvae of 

 Deilephila evphorhitB were eaten, as also were those of E. lanestris 

 and Lusiocampa pini. The young larvae of Lasiocumpn rubi, at a 

 stage when they much resembled those of the rejected E. jacobeeee, 

 were eaten after cautious examination. Professor Weis.nann also 

 regarded the larva of Pnpilio mavlinon (always rejected) as conspi- 

 cuous ; but from my own experience I should certaiidy consider it well 

 concealed upon its food-plant, and I sliould exchide it from the cate- 

 gory of conspicuous larvae which support Wallace's sugj:e»tion. 



Mv own experiments were conducted with green Tree-Frogs {Hyla 

 arborea, var. merif/innalis), and with Lizards of tlie follownisj spe- 

 cies: — Laceitn viridis, L. murulis (chiefly var. tiliyuerta), and Taren- 

 tola maiiritanica. 



My diary, printed in the form of Appendix II. to this paper, will 

 give all the details, dates, &c. of the various experiments made 

 during the summer of IbSG, so that it is unnecessary to further 

 allude to them here. 



Finally, wlien a few weeks ago I told Mr. Jenner Weir of my 

 intention to bring toiretlirr all the experimental evidence upon this 

 subject, he most kindly sent me the notes of his own observations 

 dnrmg lh8(j, for incorporation in this paper. His experiineiits were 

 conducted wi'li the following species ol Lizards: — Ldcerta viridis, 

 L. Off His, and Zootoca vivipara, and the diary is also piinted ia full 

 as Appendix 1. 



It now remains to tabulate the results of all the experimental 

 evidence upon conspicuous larvae detailed above or desci led in tiie 

 Appendices. Before doing so, it is necessary to recall Wallace's 

 original suggestion, " that brilliant or conspicuous larvae wcmld be 

 found to be refused by thc-ir enemies: " that is to say, they wdl be 

 found to possess some unpleasant attribute. This may be a dis- 

 agreeal*le taste or a nauseous smell in the fluids and tissues of the 

 larva, and perceived alter it has been bitten ; or it may be a strongly 

 smelling fluid, discharged by certain s|)eciiil glands on the approach 

 of an enemy (e. g. Portkesia aurijlua witli dorsal glands, or the 

 Ilvnienopterons Croesus septentrioiudis with ventral glands ; in both 

 these cases the smell given off from the everted glands can be readily 

 perceived as sbar|) or unpleasant to ourselves). The iarvpe of Pieris 

 brassica, or of Pygcera bucephala, &c., form instances of the former 



