244 



MR. E. B. POULTON ON THE PROTECTIVE [Mar. 1, 



ABLE 



Species and Stage. 



Protective resemblance, or habits of concealment, evasion, &c. 



Pupa Fanessa to 



2. Lepidopterous 



Dimorphic : a dark grey variety with a small amount of gold, and a yellowish- 

 green variety with a larger amount. Some have thought that the gold is a 

 " warning" colour, but I have shown that the green form can be produced to 

 the exclusion of the other by placing the larva in green surroundings before 

 pupation (see Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xlii. p. 9.3). W. H. Harwood also informs 

 me that the green form is often found on the leaves of nettles, while the other 

 is the ordinary form, on stones, walla, &c. Hence we have in this pupa 

 the very highest kind of protective resemblance, ». e. one that is adjustable to 

 the difl'erences between the various surroundings to which the organism is 

 likely to be exposed. 



Pupa Vanessa uriica 



Varying from very dark grey (almost black), with hardly any gold, to very 

 light pinkish varieties, with much gold, and in some cases the pupie are gilt 

 all over. Iso green form. As above, the gilded appearance can be controlled 

 by placing the larva in gilt surroundings (see Proc. Koy. Soc. vol. xlii. p. 95) ; 

 while the dark forms may be produced by using black surroundings. 



Pupa Pygcera bucephala 



Dark reddish brown, and well protected upon or in the earth and under dead 

 leaves &c., these being invariably the places chosen by the larva for pupation. 



Pupa Mamestra brassices 

 (almost certainly this 

 species). 



Light reddish brown : protected by being buried some slight depth in the earth. 

 If accidentally exposed, it harmonizes fairly well with the earth. 



Pupa Tri/ph(Bna pronuba Reddish brown, and protected as in the last species 

 (almost certainly this 

 species). 



Pupa Flusia gamma ' A black chrysalis protected in a cocoon 



Imago Pieris brassicce 



3. Lepidopterous 



Protected by strong flight, and by its yellowish and black undersides harmo- 

 nizing well with the yellow or white flowers of Crucifera, which it chiefly 

 frequents. It is also very effectually concealed during prolonged rest (night, 

 or during rain), for it is not commonly seen at rest, except in the intervals 

 of flight, although such a very abundant Butterfly. 



