BOTANICAL SUBJECTS. 335 



ever, examine what objections can be Ijronght forward to 



this view of the peel. 

 (a.) If the peel were the outer surface of the carpels, it seems 

 reasonable to suppose that the margins of the outer 

 surface would curl inwards with the inner sjirface to 

 form the closed pods of the pulp ball. This they do 

 not do, while in the Rtita graveolens (Fig. 139), in 

 Avhich the carpels ixve free at all ages, the outer surface 

 curls inwards simultaneously Avith the inner surface, so 

 as to form the closed pod. Payer says : " The carpels 

 are free at all ages, Avhile the styles, first free, are 

 afterwards soldered together." 



{h.) Although, in the Portugal orange, the lemon, the citron, the 

 Pumelo, and others, the peel is so closely adherent to the 

 pulp as to require a knife to separate it, thus supporting 

 view («), in the Tangerine orange the peel is very loosely 

 adherent to the pulp, and in the Laroo and Stwtara 

 oranges of India there is actually a space of a third of an 

 inch between the peel and the pulp carpels, so that the 

 pulp ball can be rattled within the peel (Fig. 140). 



(r.) In a teratological specimen which Dr. Masters exhibited 



at the scientific meeting of the Royal Horticultural 



Society, the orange presented the following characters : — 



The peel, as usual, enclosed a ball of pulp-carpels ; but 



within these, again, there was a second whorl of carpels, 



ivithout peel, and closely adherent to the outer whorl 



of carpels. Curiously enough, in the centre of the 



inner whorl there were two longitudinal strij)s of peel 



of an orange colour. What is more curious is that the 



glandular surfaces of these two strips were turned 



inwards, that is, towards the centre, and not outwards, 



like those of the outer enveloping peel. 



Now, supposing that the peel be the outer surface of the pulp 



carpels, where is the peel of the inner ichorl of carpels in this 



specimen ? They had none I While in the centre of the whole 



there were two strips of peel, as if they did not belong to any 



carpels, and were attached to the incurved margins of the inner 



whorl, with the glandular surface twisted towards the centre, as if 



they were ifidependent phyllous members. I do not .see how this 



