INTRODUCTION, XXIX 
and the inferences to be derived from them.  Biblio- 
graphical references and lists of the plants most fre- 
quently affected with particular malformations are also 
given. In reference to both these points it must be 
remembered that absolute completeness is not aimed 
at; had such fullness of detail been possible of attain- 
ment it would have necessitated for its publication a 
much larger volume than the present.’ It is hoped 
that both the lists of books and of plants are sufficiently 
full for all general purposes.” 
In the enumeration of plants affected with various 
malformations the ! denotes that the writer has himself 
seen examples of the deviation in question in the par- 
ticular plant named, while the prefix of the * indi- 
cates that the malformation occurs with special fre- 
quency in the particular plant to which the sign is 
attached. 
Teratological alterations are rarely isolated pheno- 
mena, far more generally they are associated with other 
and often compensatory changes. Hence it is often 
necessary, in studying any given malformation, to refer 
to two or more subdivisions, and in this way a certain 
amount of repetition becomes unavoidable. The details 
1 In the memoirs of Hopkirk, Kirschleger, Cramer, Hallier, and 
others, malformations are arranged primarily according to the organs 
affected, an arrangement which has only convenience to justify it. It is 
hoped that the index and the headings to the paragraphs in the present 
volume will suit the convenience of the reader as well as if the more 
artificial plan just alluded to had heen adopted. 
? Cryptogamous plants are only incidentally alluded to in these 
pages, owing to their wide difference in structure from flowering plants. 
Attention may, also, here be called to a paper of M. de Seynes ina 
recent number of the Bulletin of the Botanical Society of France, 
vol. xiv, p. 290, tab. 5 et 6, in which numerous cases of malformation 
among agarics are recorded. See also same publication, vol. iv, p. 744; 
vol. v, p. 211; vol. vi, p. 496. 
