70 INDEPENDENCE OR SEPARATION OF ORGANS. 
Dialysis of the margins of individual foliar organs—In cases 
where the leaf or leaf-lhke organ is ordinarily tubular 
or horn-like in form, owing to the cohesion of its edges, 
it may happen either from lack of union or from actual 
separation of the previously united edges, that the 
tubular shape is replaced by the ordinary flattened 
expansion. ‘Thus, in Mranthis hyemalis, wherein the 
petals (nectaries) are tubular and the sepals flat, I 
have met with numerous instances of transition from 
the one form to the other, as shown in fig. 9, p. 24. 
It is, however, in the carpels that this separation 
occurs most frequently. When these organs appear 
under the guise of leaves, as they often do, their margins 
are disunited, so that the carpel becomes flat or 
open. ‘This happens in the strawberry (fragaria), the 
columbine (Aquilegia), in Trifolium repens, Ranun- 
culus Ficaria, &e. 
Dialysis of the parts of the same whorl:—calyx.—T'he separa- 
tion of an ordinarily coherent series into its constituent 
parts is necessarily of more common occurrence than 
the foregoing. As here understood, it is the precise 
converse of cohesion, and it may be represented dia- 
grammatically by a dotted line above the letters 
denoting the sepals, petals, &e. When this change 
happens in the calyx we have the gamosepalous con- 
dition replaced by the polysepalous one, as thus 
represented : 
instead of 

as in a calyx of five coherent sepals. 
Detachment of this kind occurs not unfrequently, as 
in Primula vulgaris, Trifolium repens, &e. In Rosacee 
and Pomacee this separation of the calyx is of the more 
moment, as it has reference to the structure of the 
‘ Masters in Seemann’s ‘ Journal of Botany,’ 1867, p. 158. 
