74 INDEPENDENCE OR SEPARATION OF ORGANS. 
styles, three stigmas, &c., without any other change. 
Engelmann’ speaks of three classes of this malformation. 
Ist, that in which the carpels separate one from the 
other without opening, as in the lily just alluded to; 
2nd, that in which the ovary remains closed, but loses 
its internal partitions, as in a case mentioned by 
Moguin in Stachys sylvatica, in which, owing to im- 
perfect disjunction, the two bi-lobed carpels were 
changed into a nearly one-celled capsule ;’ and 35rd, 
those cases in which the carpels are open and foliaceous. 
Disjunction is more frequent in dry fruits than in 
fleshy ones. In the latter instance it happens at an early 
stage of existence, and the pericarp becomes more or less 
leafy, losing its faculty of becoming fleshy, as in Prunus 
Cerasus and Amygdalus persica; nevertheless, fleshy 
fruits sometimes become disunited. I have seen a 
case similar to that mentioned by M. Alphonse de 
Candolle in Solanum esculentum, in which the pericarp 
became ruptured, and the placentas protruded. <A 
hke occurrence has also been observed in a species of 
Melastoma.? This is analogous to what happens in 
Caulophyllum and Slateria. Disjanction of the carpels 

Fic. 32.—Anomalous form of orange. 
* «De Anthol.,’ p. 37. 
; Moquin, loc. cit., p. 305. 
‘ Neue Denkschr. der Allg. Schweiz. Gesell.,’ band v, pl. ii, p. 5. 
