76 INDEPENDENCE OR SEPARATION OF ORGANS. 
very frequently. In connection with this detachment 
of the carpels, a change in the mode of placentation is 
often to be observed, or two or more kinds may be seen 
in the same pistil, as in double-flowered saponarias, 
many Crucifers, &c., as alluded to under the head of 
displacements of the placenta. 
CHAPTER HT. 
SOLUTION. 
THE isolation or separation of different whorls that 
are ordinarily adherent together is by no means of rare 
occurrence. Were it not that the isolation is often con- 
genital, the word detachment would be an expressive 
one to apply to these cases, but as the change in ques- 
tion occurs quite as often from a want of union, an 
arrest or stasis of development, as from a bond fide 
separation, the word solution seems to be, on the whole, 
the best. It corresponds in application to the word 
liber (calyx liber, &c.), in general use by descriptive 
botanists. As here employed, the term nearly cor- 
corresponds with the ‘‘ adesmie hetérologue” of Morren. 
Moquin Tandon does not make any special subdivision 
for the class of cases here grouped together, but places 
them all under ‘‘ Disjonctions qui isolent les organes.” 
It seems, however, desirable to have a separate word 
to express the converse condition of adhesion, and for 
this purpose the term solution, as above stated, is here 
employed. Diagrammatically, the condition may be 
expressed by placing a dotted line at the side of the 
letters thus : 
CNG pie 6. SBS e 
CG eed 0a) e)50) a 
would indicate the disjunction of the sepals from the 
