SOLUTION OF CALYX FROM PISTIL. 77 
carpels (C), in contradistinction to adhesion, which may 
be represented by the unbroken lne thus: 
Solution of the calyx from the ovary.—Of all the instances 
of adhesion which take place under ordinary circum- 
stances, that between the calyx and the ovary is per- 
haps the most common. The calyx adherens or superus 
is a structural characteristic to which all botanists 
attach considerable importance; so that when excep- 
tional cases occur in which the calyx becomes detached 
from the ovary, becomes, that is, inferus or liber, a pro- 
portionate degree of interest attaches to the irregularity. 
It is not within the scope of the present work to 
inquire whether this detachment be real or merely 
apparent, arising from a want of union between parts 
ordinarily united together. This point must be left to 
the organogenists to decide in each particular case. 
So also the question as to what share, if any, the 
expanded and dilated flower-stalk may take in what 
are usually called inferior ovaries, can be here only 
incidentally touched upon. 
Among ftosacee, the change in question is very 
common, especially in conjunction with an elongation 
of the axis of the flower (apostasis) and with prolifi- 
cation, though it is by no means always co-existent 
with these malformations. When this alteration in 
the apparent relative position of calyx and carpels 
occurs in roses (fosa) the appearances are generally 
such as to indicate that the ‘‘hip” of the rose is a 
dilatation of the peduncle, continuous above with the 
coherent bases of the sepals; this inference seems also 
to be borne out by what happens in the Pomacee. In 
some cases in this sub-order, the calyx becomes 
detached from the carpels, so that the latter organs 
become more or less ‘‘ superior,” and distinct one from 
the other. This happens constantly in the double- 
