80 INDEPENDENCE OR SEPARATION OF ORGANS. 
normal organogeny as well as from unusual confor- 
mation contradictory inferences may be drawn, it would 
obviously be unsafe to attempt the explanation of the 
so-called calyx-tube in general from any particular 
instances; so far as Rosacee are concerned, there is so 
much variation in the relative position of calyx and 
carpels under ordinary circumstances, that it 1s no 
matter for surprise that similar diversities should exist 
in teratological cases. A similar remark will apply to 
Savifragacee, Cucurbitacee, Myrtacee, Bruniacee, Rubi- 
acece, and other families of like conformation. 
In Umbelliferw, a detachment of the calyx from the 
ovaries frequently occurs, sometimes 
without any other change; at other 
times attended by more serious altera- 
tions. So far as can be judged from 
exceptional occurrences of this kind, 
it would appear that in this order the 
axis or flower-stalk does not, in any 
material degree, enter into the compo- 
Fie. 38.—Flower ition of the fruit. | 
of @nanthe crocata, : : ; 
eatin” Pag In the Rubiaceous genus Bikkhia, 
sepals were com- ag mentioned by Duchartre, the ovary 
Pees pees, is completely inferior, but when the 
here three in num- fruit arrives at maturity four small 
Pacteaet °F leaves are detached from its surface 
which had previously adhered to it, 
and which it seems reasonable to consider as the 
sepals. 
In Campanulacee a similar separation of calyx from 
the ovary may be occasionally met with. On the other 
hand, the occasional formation of a leaf on the inferior 
ovary of these plants would indicate the axial nature 
of the fruit. In Campanumea and Cyclodon the calyx 
is inferior, while the corolla is superior. In the last- 
named genus this peculiarity “is carried to the highest 
degree, the sepals being, in C. parviflorwm, placed on 
the peduncle of the flower far removed from the base 
of the corolla and ovary, whilst in C. truncatwm and in 

