HERMAPHRODITISM. 197 
Change from unisexuality to hermaphroditism.—'l'his occur- 
rence depends on one of two causes, either organs are 
developed (stamens or pistils as the case may be), 
wihch are habitually absent in the particular flower ; 
or some of the stamens may be more or less com- 
pletely converted into or replaced by pistils, or vice versa. 
The first condition is the opposite of suppression ; 
it is, as it were, a restoration of symmetry, and might 
be included under the head of regular peloria, inas- 
much as certain organs which habitually undergo 
suppression at a certain stage in their development, 
by exception, go on growing, and produce a perfect, 
instead of an imper rfect flower. In teratological 
records it is not always stated clearly to which of the 
two above-named causes the unusual hermaphroditism 
belongs, though it is generally easy to ascertain this 
point. Very many, perhaps all, diclnous flowers may, 
under certain conditions, become perfect, at least 
structurally. I have myself seen hermaphrodite 
flowers in Cucurbita,’ Mercurialis, Cannabis, Zea Mays, 
and Aucuba japonica, as well as in many festiacee, 
notably Cannamois virgata and Lepyrodia hermaphro- 
dita. Spinacia oleracea, Rhodiola rosea, Cachrys taurica, 
and Hmpetrum nigrum are also occasionally herma- 
phrodite. 
Gubler* alludes to a similar occurrence in Pistacia 
Lentiscus, wherein, however, he adds that there was a 
deficiency of pollen i in the flowers. 
Schnizlein* observed hermaphrodite flowers in the 
beech, Fagus sylvatica, the ovaries being smaller than 
usual, and the stamens epigynous. 
Baillon* enumerates the following Huphorbiacee as 
having exceptionally produced hermaphrodite flowers, 
1 See also Schlechtendal, ‘ Linnea,’ viti, p. 623, and Lindley, ‘ Veg. 
Kingd.,’ p. 315. 
“Bull. Soc. Bot. France,’ vol. ix. p. 81. 
3 Cited in Henfrey, ‘Bot. Gazette,’ 3, p. 11. 
4 Baillon, ‘Etudes du Groupe-des Euphorbiacées,’ p. 205, tab. xv, 
fig. 19, tab xix, fig. 31. 
