198 ALTERATION OF POSITION. 
Crozophora tinctoria, Suregada sp., Phyllanthus longi- 
folius, Breynia sp., Philyra brasiliensis, Ricinus com- 
munis, Conceveiba macrophylla, Cluytia semperflorens, 
Wall. non Roxb. Mercurialis annua and Cleistanthus 
polystachyus. 
In some of these cases the hermaphroditism is due 
to the development of anthers on the usually barren 
staminodes, though, in other cases, the stamens would 
seem to be separate, independent formations, as they 
do not occupy the same relative position that the 
ordinary stamens would do if developed." 
Robert Brown’ observed stamens within the utricle 
of Carex acuta, and Gay is stated by Moquin (‘ El. Ter. 

Fie. 102.—Flower of Fuchsia in which the calyx was leafy, the petals 
normal (reflexed in the figure), the stamens partially converted into 
ovaries, the ordinary inferior ovary being absent. See Substitution. 

1 See also Guillemin, ‘Mém. Soc. Nat. Hist. Paris,’ I, p. 16; herma- 
phrodite flowers in Euphorbia esula. 
2 * Prod. Flor. N. Holl.,’ p. 242. 
