HERMAPHRODITISM. 199 
Veg.,’ p. 343) to have observed a similar occurrence 
in Carex glauca. 
Paasch' observed a similar occurrence in C. cespitosa, 
and Schauer, in C. paludosa,” though in the latter in- 
stance the case seems to have been one of transfor- 
“mation or substitution rather than one of hermaphro- 
ditism. 
The second cause of this pseudo-hermaphroditism 
is due either to the more or less perfect mutation of 
male and female organs, or it may be to the complete 
absence of one and its replacement by another, as 
when out of many stamens, one or more are deficient, 
and their places occupied by carpels. This happens 
very frequently in willows and poplars, and has been 
seen in the beech.® 
In Begonia frigida* the anomaly is increased by the 
position of the ovaries above, the perianth, a position 
due, not to any solution or detachment of the latter 

Fie. 103—Hermaphrodite flower of Carica Papaya. 
from the former, but simply to the presence of ovaries 
where, under ordinary circumstances, stamens only are 
1 © Bot. Zeit.,’ 1837, p. 335. 
2 « Pflanz, Terat.,’ von Moquin-Tandon, p. 208. 
3 Schnizlein, loc. cit. 5) 
4 «Bot. Mag.,’ tab. 5160, fig. 4. See also ‘Gard. Chron.,’ 1860, pp. 
146, 170; 1861, p. 1092. . 
