288 METAMORPHY. 
tuberosum, S. Duleamara, in Anagallis, in Fuchsia, 
and some other plants, the anther-lobes themselves 
become petaloid, while the filament remains un- 
changed. 
In gardens two distinct varieties of Columbine are 
cultivated, the one in which the filaments are dilated 
into the form of flat petals almost entirely or quite 
destitute of anthers, while in the other the filament is 
present in its usual form, but the anther is developed 
in the shape of a tubular hood or spur. 
De Candolle’ observes that in the Ranunculacee the 
species of Clematis become double by the expansion of 
the filament, those of Ranunculus by the dilatation of 
the anther, and those of Helleborus by the petal-like 
development of both filament and anther. In some 
cases even on the same plant all three modifications 
may be seen, as in Camellias, some of which may be 
found with petaloid filaments with anthers on the top, 
others with the filaments unchanged, but supporting 
petaloid anthers, while in others it is the connective 
alone which is petal-lke. Where the flower naturally 
contains a large number of stamens, as in Mallows, 
Roses, Magnolias, &c., petaloid expansion of the fila- 
ment is most common, though it is by no means con- 
fined to such flowers, the change occurring in Alla- 
manda cathartica, Jasminum grandiflorum, and many 
other flowers with few stamens. A similar change im 
the anther and connective takes place more frequently 
in flowers where the number of stamens is smaller, 
but there are of course numerous exceptions to this 
rule. 
In those cases where there is more than one row of 
stamens, the outermost are most liable to this change : 
thus in Sazifraga decipiens, as shown by Ch. Morren,” 
the outer series of stamens—those opposite to the 
sepals—become first affected, and, at a more advanced 
stage, the inner row also ; and this is the case in most 
1 «Organ. Vég.,’ t. i, p. 515. 
2 «Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., tome xvii; and Lobelia, p. 65. 
