300 METAMORPHY. 
question the series of changes were as follows :—first, 
the ovary opened by a slit, and then expanded into a 
cup; next, anther-cells were developed on the margin 
of the cup, with stigmas alternating with them, the 
ovules at the same time disappearing; lastly, the 
margin became divided, and bore three perfect anthers, 
which im the more perfect states were raised on three 
filaments. 
Campanula persicifolia, C. rapunculoides, and CO. 
glomerata have been observed to present an anther 
surmounting the pistil.t Double tulips often present 
this change, and a like appearance has been observed 
in Galanthus nivalis, and Narcissus Tazetta. 
Moquin mentions the existence of this condition in 
a female plant of maize, some of the pistils of which 
were wholly or partially converted imto anther-like 
organs. Mohl has recorded an analogous malforma- 
tion in Chamerops humilis, and in which the three 
carpels were normally formed, and only differed from 
natural ovaries in this, that along the two edges of 
the ventral suture there was a yellow thickening, 
which a cross section of the ovary showed to be an 
anther-lobe filled with pollen.’ 
In Tofieldia calyculata a similar substitution of a 
stamen for a carpel has been observed by Klotsch,' 
and Weber* gives other instances in Prunus and Peonia. 
Corresponding alterations may be met with in culti- 
vated tulips, in the cowslip and other plants. In most 
of the above cases the transmutation has been perfect, 
but in quite an equal number of cases a portion only 
of the carpel is thus changed, generally the style 
or the stigma; thus Baillon describes the stigmas of 
Ricinus communis as having been in one instance 
1 See ‘ Engelmann,’ p. 26, tab. 3, f. 10, 11, 14. 
> « Ann. Sc. Nat.,’ ser. 2, t. viii, 1837, p. 58. 
: ‘Bot. Zeit.,’ 4, 1846, 889. 
‘Verhandl. Nat. Hist. Ver. Preuss. Rheinl. und Westph.,’ 1858, 
1860, p. 381. Cramer also, ‘ Bildungsabweich,’ p. 90, cites a case in 
Peonia where the carpel was open and petaloid, and bore an anther on 
one margin, and four ovules on the other. : 
