FOLIAR ORGANS. S57 
Maugin, ‘Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,’ 1866, t. xiii, p. 279. See also Cramer, 
‘ Biidungsabweich,’ p. 92. Walpers, ‘Linnea,’ 1840, p. 362 (7-leaved). 
Schlechtendal, ‘ Bot. Zeit.,’ 1844, p. 457, Cytisus. Wigand, ‘ Flora,’ 1856, 
p- 706, 
Frondiferous leaves have much the appearance of 
branches provided with leaves, and they may be com- 
pared with those instances in which an adventitious 
bud is placed on the surface or edges of the leaves, as 
in Gesnera, Cardamine, &c. In truth, the two conditions 
merge one into the other, as in some begonias, where 
the ramenta often become leaf-like and bear small 
bulbils in the axil. 
When frondiferous leaves die the appendages die 
also, but when a true bud has been formed on a leaf it 
does not of necessity die with the leaf that bears it, but 
separates from it and continues to grow independently. 
Increased number of stipules, spathes, &e—Seringe relates 
the occasional presence of two or three additional 
stipules upon the leaf-stalks of Salix fragilis, and even 
makes a variety (Salix pendula, var. multistipulata). 
An increase in the number of the spathes has been 
often noticedin Arads.' Prof. Alex. Braun has studied 
this subject in some detail.” In Calla palustris the 
shoot which continues the growth of the plant proceeds 
from the axil of the last leaf but one; the very last leaf 
producing no bud, but if accidentally a shoot is developed 
in this latter situation it produces flowers at once. No 
leaves are formed, but, on the contrary, two or three 
spathes surround the spadix, so that the presence ofan 
increased number of spathes in this plant is associated 
with the development of a side shoot from the axl 
of the last leaf, the situation whence, under natural 
circumstances, no shoot at all issues. The super- 
numerary spathes are not always on the same level, 
but may be separated by a considerable interval. .They 
vary very much in size, and sometimes assume the 
form and appearance of leaves. Similar anomalies 
' See Engelmann, ‘De Antholysi,’ p. 16, section 12. 
* «Verhandl. des Botanisch. Vereins Brandenburg,’ 1859, 1 heft. 
