PERIANTH, 375 
flower. The outermost whorls of this flower open at 
the time when the ordinary flowers of vines do; the 
second series are gradually produced, and expand about 
the time when the ovaries of the normal flowers begin 
to swell; a third series then gradually forms, and so 
on, until frost puts a stop tothe growth. This malfor- 
mation, it appears, is produced annually in certain 
varieties of vine, and may be perpetuated by cuttings. 
The flower of the St. Valéry apple, already alluded 
to under the head of sepalody, might equally well be 
placed here. It is not very material whether the 
second whorl of organs be regarded as a repetition of 
the calyx or as a row of petals in the guise of sepals. 
Engelmann’ cites the following plants as occasionally 
presenting a repetition of the calyx, in most cases with 
a suppression of the other floral whorls :—Stachys lanata, 
Myosotis palustris, Veronica media, Aquilegia vulgaris, 
Nigella damascena, Campanula rapunculoides. 
Pleiotaxy in the perianth—Increase in the number of 
whorls in the perianth is common in lilies, narcissus, 
hyacinths, &c. It may be also met with occasionally 
among orchids. The lily of the valley (Convallaria 
maialis) seems also to be particularly subject to an 
increase in the number of parts of which its perianth 
consists, the augmentation being due partly to repe- 
tition or pleiotaxy, partly to the substitution of petaloid 
segments for stamens and pistils.” 
In this place may also be mentioned the curious 
deviation from the ordinary structure occasionally met 
with in Liliwm candidum, and known in English gardens 
as the double white lly. In this case there are no 
true flowers, but a large number of petal-like segments 
' «De Antholysi,’ p. 17, tab. ii, f. 15, 16; Weinmann, ‘ Phytanth. 
iconogr.,’ nro. 292. 
2 See Hildebrand, ‘Bot. Zeit.,’ 1862, p. 209, tab. viii; Cramer, 
‘Bildungsabweich.,’ p. 7, tab. xiii; Engelmann, “De Antholysi,’ p. 18, 
&e. For similar changes in Gagea arvensis see Wirtgen, ‘ Flora,’ 1838, 
t. xxi, p. 350, and ‘ Flora,’ 1846, p. 353. Some of these are cases of 
synanthy. 
