— 168 — 
already been referred to. They have also ephemeral shoots, 
mesophytic in structure and arising from perennial hypogeal 
parts. In other Hemicryptophytes the epigeal shoots live 
through the whole summer, e. g. in species of Zygophyllum, 
Anabasis, Statice, probably also in a few Cousinia and Astra- 
galus; their shoots are xerophytic in structure and have this 
biological character in common with the annual summer- 
plants that the shoots die when winter sets in. 
No information is available on the few plants recorded 
as biennials, for instance Tragopogon. It is unlikely that 
the species of Tragopogon carry fresh leaves throughout the 
whole summer. 
The Chenopodiaceae as a group are strikingly deficient 
in hemicryptophytes, they have only 4 per ct. The Tama- 
ricaceae and the Liliaceae have none at all. The paucity of 
hemicryptophytes in the Chenopodiaceae, so many of which 
seem specially adapted to desert-life, may perhaps be explain- 
ed in this way, that this type is not well adapted to the 
natural conditions prevailing during summer in the desert. 
Yet the correctness of this supposition may be questioned 
when we consider the Zygophyllaceae, likewise true summer- 
plants and with 11 hemicryptophyte-species (69 per ct.). 
Of the remaining orders the Umbelliferae in particular 
include a large number of hemicryptophytes all or most of 
which are spring-plants. (See table 5). 
Next in order to the Hemicryptophytes (Table 3) follow 
the Fanerophytes, the trees and shrubs. These all belong 
to RAUNKLER’S Micro- and Nanofanerophytes. 
In the Transcaspian desert there are 11 per ct. Faner- 
ophytes, about the same proportion as in the North-African 
deserts (Libyan desert 12, Cyrenaica 9),and in Samos (9), 
but much less than in Death Valley with 23 p. ct. On the 
other hand, the South Russian Steppe shows only 5 per ct. 
and the Spanish Steppe about the same number'). Denmark 
has 7, Stuttgart 9.per ct. (RAUNKLER). 
Only 14 out of 87 Fanerophytes in the list may still 
be found flowering after July 1% and of these 8 are Cheno- 
') WILLKOMM 1895 p. 280. 
