— 215 — 
the outer part dies, (probably killed by the heat and drought 
during the height of summer) and it remains next year 
as a dead stick, frequently as a thorn. One of the few 
exceptions to this rule is Halimodendron. 
As regards the majority of the fanerophytic Chenopo- 
diaceae and Lycium, flowering takes place in summer; Ha- 
loxylon and probably all the rest flower during spring, at 
the latest in June. All the late-flowering species with the 
exception of Lycium have small flowers which are completely 
enclosed up to the time of anthesis. The early flowering 
species include a large proportion of Leguminosae, and it 
seems to be the rule, or at any rate is frequently the case, 
that only the early flowers fructify while the later ones be- 
come dried up. 
The fruits (or the seeds) are in most cases such as may 
be easily transported by the wind; they are light and fur- 
nished with some kind of parachute, and as a rule they 
contain only one or a few seeds’). The open network on 
the fruit (fig. 28) of Calligonum, the large bladdery pod of 
Smirnowia and Halimodendron, the winged fruits of Salsola, 
Haloxylon, Ammodendron and Atraphaxis, the small light 
pods of Astragalus and Eremosparton, and the white woolly 
seeds of Reaumuria illustrate the different adaptations by 
which wind-transport is achieved. 
Fruits with no special adaptation for flight are seen in 
the berries of Nitraria and the small nuts of Halostachys 
and Halimocnemis. 
B. Chamaephytes. 
As explained in chap. 12 (p. 173) these all belong to the 
xerophytic aspect, they are summer-plants and a great number 
of them are late flowering. 
Capparis spinosa L. 
A decumbent undershrub found on clay soils and more 
especially on stony soil. The branches are long and bear 
) Comp. E. Gain 1894: Moist soil produces many but small seeds, 
dry soils few seeds but large. 
