— 242 — 
Cousinia. 
Many Transcaspian species belong to this genus, most 
of them perennials. They are all rather broad-leaved, thorny, 
and frequently “cobweb-haired”. C. annua and C. dichotoma 
were examined as examples of annual species. The former 
I found flowering in the sand-desert during the hottest time 
of summer. It was about half a metre high and had broad 
spiny leaves the axils of which bore rich dense inflorescences. 
The plant is glabrous, the stem snow-white and glossy. 
The leaf is somewhat dorsiventral with two lavers of 
palisade cells on the upper side and one on the lower, and 
a rather loose spongy paranchyma. The veins have bast- 
strands, the larger ones projecting as ridges on the lower face. 
They lie several together, quite 
= separate or connected by a trans- 
JO tl, a, lucent aqueous tissue which merges 
2 SES UE outwards into a collenchymatous 
os o © | tissue. 
OD EURE) The epidermis is rather thin- 
> me ED walled and has stomata on both 
em de Fee sunk. 
e stem is without green 
Fig. 65. Cousinia annua. Epi- tissue, and has a thick epidermis 
dermis and collenchyma of stem. å 
(X 203). over a deep thick-walled collen- 
chyma (fig. 65) all the way round. 
Cousinia dichotoma is a smaller plant which may still 
be found flowering at the beginning of July, but it begins 
to wither about this time. The broad, spiny leaves still 
preserve their form and position because well-provided with 
sclerenchyma; they are somewhat dorsiventral and have 
stomata (not sunk) on both faces as in C. annua. 
Frankenia pulverulenta L. 
A slender plant with decumbent branches. Like F. 
hirsuta (see p. 222) it occurs most frequently on somewhat 
moist soil. The leaves are small and flat with salt-crystals 
on both faces; the glands which are figured by SOLEREDER 
