I 
larger branches. Internal to this network of finer veins there 
is a translucent aqueous tissue The structure of the leaf 
thus resembles that of Halostachys caspica (see above p. 201). 
Some of the herbaceous plants described under C, D 
and E, are Halophytes e. g. Halopeplis, Suaeda, Halimocnemis, 
Salsola, Halocharis, Anabasis, Statice and Zygophyllum. With 
the exception of the two last-named they are Chenopodiaceae 
and have thick assimilating organs of the centric type, which 
is also the case with the vicarious branches of Statice. Linked 
with Zygophyllum we have Euphorbia Turzaninowü, both 
being thick-leaved and isolateral. Other representatives of 
the Chenopodiaceae are xerophytic plants (Cornulaca, Horan- 
inovia, Agriophyllum, Ceratocarpus). They are spiny, with 
the assimilating organs thin and not succulent, but in the 
two first-named the same centric structure is observed, 
although on the whole they are better provided with scler- 
enchyma; to the same category belongs Dodartia. — Heliotrop- 
ium and Cousinia are more nearly related to the hemicrypt- 
ophytes with a more pronounced mesophytic structure (see 
p- 237) since they have flat leaves not much modified. Such 
leaves are as a rule isolateral, but dorsiventral also occur 
(Frankenia, Euphorbia, Crozophora). 
The fruits exhibit a variety of types. 
The material of herbaceous plants available is however 
insufficient to furnish a reliable general summary of the 
conditions of structure. The foregoing must therefore be 
regarded as a series of examples illustrating the different 
modes of adaptation to the conditions of life in Transcaspia. 
If we endeavour, in conclusion, to summarise the features 
of all the plants described in this chapter, — keeping, how- 
ever, in mente the Spring-plants — it is possible to formulate 
under three heads some of the specially characteristic features 
of Transcaspian desert-plants. 
1. The difficulty attending the development of long- 
lived aerial shoots. In this connection one must consider 
17 
