As the result of careful morphological and anatomical 
studies of the species of Rindera, it appears that the sub- 
genus Mattia is the ‘“central-Lype” of the genus, from which 
the sub-genera Cyphomattia and Eurindera haye developed 
each in its own way. 
KusNEzZOW presumes that the ancestors of Rindera (and 
Paracaryum) at the beginning of the tertiary period were 
widely distributed over the earth; the last remnants of them 
are the two existing monotypes: Tysonia in south-eastern 
Africa and Myositidium in New Zealand. 
During the latter half of the tertiary period Rindera must 
have been widely distributed in the Mediterranean countries 
(from Spain to Central Asia), and the genus at that period 
had two sub-genera: Mattiaria (now one species) and Mattia 
(now 6 species). These seven species are constant with no 
intervening transitions, and they have small and well-defined 
areas of distribution from Algeria to Persia, — they must 
be regarded as relict forms. 
At the end of the tertiary period when the lowlands 
were drying up, KUSNEZOW considers that the five species of 
the sub-genus Eurindera were evolved in the mountains of 
Turkestan; these species are harder to distinguish than those 
of Mattia. One of them, Rindera tetraspis, had the faculty of 
migration so that after the drying-up of the Transcaspian 
lowlands it was able to propagate here as well as in Western 
Siberia, South Russia and Ciscaucasia. 
Simultaneously with Eurindera, there came into existence 
in Nearer Asia from Mattia the two species of the sub-genus 
Cyphomattia of which one, Rindera lanata, is very polymorphic 
and widely distributed. 
