PAST | 
Anemone albana and narcissiflora, Onosma Gmelini, Gentiana 
Olivieri, Cerastium dahuricum, (40 cin tall), Aquilegia sp., Cor- 
tusa Matthioli with its beautiful foliage and handsome purple 
clusters, Linum heterosepalum and L. perenne, Aster alpinus, 
Crepis multicaulis, a rosette-plant with a long peduncle, La- 
mium album, the two broad-leafed large Ligularia-species, L. 
robusta and L. altaica, both with great yellow heads, Par- 
nassia subacaulis, Polygonum rumicifolium and Rheum Web- 
bianum, Valeriana caespitosa, and Ferula Jaeschkeana, of which 
I only saw the leaf-rosettes. The names of these species will 
give a European reader an idea of the luxuriant growth 
and abundance of flowers. 
The low perennials, 10—20 cm tall, are: Thymus sp. 
(common), Astragalus alpinus and myriophyllus, Carex supina 
and nitida, Potentilla bifurca, with subterranean runners, Poly- 
gala comosa, Leontopodium alpinum, Psychrogeton turcestanicum, 
a rosette plant with yellow blossoms, Saxifraga cernua, Stel- 
laria graminea, Adoxa moschatellina, the yellow flowering 
Viola uniflora, Carum atropurpureum, Draba .incana and 
media, the beautiful Jsopyrum anemonoides and the even 
more beautiful J. grandiflorum, both with low finely pinnatisect 
foliage and large white or pink blossoms, Oxytropis humi- 
fusa, Primula farinosa, Botrychium lunaria, Cystopteris fragilis, 
Fragaria sp., Pedicularis pycnantha, Galium sp. 
Many of the low perennials are more or less cespitose 
in their growth: the very common Astragalus pamiro-alaicus, 
which has abundant pinnate foliage and yellow stemless 
blossoms, Potentilla radiata, nivea and hypoleuca, Androsace 
villosa, Koeleria cristata, Festuca ovina var. valesiaca. 
Bulbous plants claim a special place. We found the 
lovely blue Ixilirion Pallasü, Fritillaria ruthenica, a common 
plant, 20—30 cm in height, with narrow leaves and large 
red and yellow mottled flowers, Gagea persica, and the fol- 
lowing spring, March 1899, Crocus alatavicus was found in 
blossom. 
Finally the juniper woods contained a number of annuals: 
Gentiana leucomelaena, Lappula tenuis, Euphrasia Regeli, 
Valerianella plagiostephana, Smelowskia sisymbrioides, all tiny, 
