LT Nes 
small-leaved, slender, soft plants, among which Lappula and 
Smelowskia are covered with hairs. 
In the juniper wood the following Cryptogams were 
found: Mosses, Distichum capillaceum, Orthotrichum ano- 
malum, Bryum sp. (?), Tortula ruralis, the three latter on 
stones, Timmia bavarica, Bryum pendulum, Tortula fragilis 
var. pocillum, and of lichens Lecidea candida and Dermato- 
carpon miniatum on stones, Lecanora mutabilis and L. um- 
brina var. umbrinofusca, Placodium aurantiacum, Anaptychia 
ulotrichoides, Lecidea goniophila and glomerulosa on branches 
of the juniper, and finally Cladonia pyxidata var. pocillum 
and Lecanora bracteata var. alpina on the ground. 
By glancing at the species it is easy so see that this rich 
herbaceous vegetation is for the most part composed of 
mesophytic hemicryptophytes, indeed many of them have 
rather a hygrophytic character, for instance Trollius, Gen- 
tiana, Parnassia, Saxifraga, Adoxa, Primula, Botrychium and 
Pedicularis. As far as I have been able to judge Thymus sp. 
and Androsace villosa are the only chamaephytes and there 
are only a few annuals. 
That this herbaceous flora depends on the trees for its 
existence is proved by the fact that where the latter are 
lacking the former is also. It must therefore be called an 
under-vegetation. Boris KELLER has described similar vege- 
tations from the Altai Mountains, open pine, larch or silver 
fir forests with vigorous or more or less dense herbaceous 
vegetation, of which he gives analyses. It appears in looking 
these over that in Altai, too, hemicryptophytes are most 
common. 
Juniperus pseudosabina does not form a wood everywhere. 
In many places the trees are scattered or bushlike in form 
and then the herbaceous vegetation is far less abundant. 
However under the bushes there is more green to be seen 
than between them; it grows in a dense verdant carpet of 
annuals, including Veronica cardiocarpa, Galium songoricum 
and spurium, grasses (without flowers), and a tiny Borraginaceous. 
The mountain slopes were covered with stony gravel dotted 
here and there with plants: Lagochilus Paulsenii, Ixilirion 
Pallasti, Ephedra distachya 1,5 metres tall, various barren 
