A Ste 
water deep down, from which water rises to the surface as 
in an artesian spring. 
A similar condition on a larger scale was observed south 
of Tuz Kul, on a clayey plain, lying about 1 mètre below 
the stony plain described above. On this clayey plain there 
were twenty-odd unevenly formed clay hillocks, 2 mètres 
high at the outset. They were quite dry now, but it was 
easy to see that water had previously flowed out of their 
tops, where craters 5—10 cm in diameter sealed with clay 
were formed. The water had poured down the sides forming 
deep furrows, which radiated from the top forming a star. 
The rivulets then flowed together into brooks, these in their 
turn into one larger brook which has worn its way at 2 
mètres depth through the clay, flowing at last into Tuz Kul. 
Here and there the brooks formed small pools which are 
now dried up and covered on the bottom with white salt. 
The clay of which the hills were composed was very 
hard and firm and free from pebbles; single stones as large 
as one’s fist lay helter skelter on the surface of the ground, 
looking as if they had been thrown there. 
The water must have transported the clay which forms 
the hills up from the ground; for, inasmuch as the hills are 
far more worn away by the action of the streams than the 
outlying plain, they cannot be remains of clay that is washed 
away everywhere else, but the plain must be the original 
level. We are thus dealing with mud volcanoes under one 
form or another. 
CHAPTER 6: 
Jashil Kul and the Plain near Mardjanaj. 
(Trigonella-Formation). 
Lake Jashil Kul, (the green lake), lies at the western end 
of Alitshur Pamir, a little less than 4,000 métres above sea- 
level. The lake is long drawn-out, being 25 kilométres at 
its greatest length, main direction west-east, 3!/2 kilomètres at 
