throughout Pamir, especially in the broad flat valleys, called 
“Pamirs” in the narrow meaning of the term. It is here 
considered a special plant-formation, named after one of the 
most important species, Trigonella-formation. 
In localities resembling the plain near Mardjanaj there 
is a vegetation, similar to that on the plain itself, and the 
same is the case on many slopes having an eastern exposure. 
Of these more will be told later. Let me here give two ex- 
amples of Trigonella-formation on flat soil. On the top of the 
peninsula lying between the two eastern arms of Jashil Kul 
there is a horizontal flat or slightly rolling plateau, with 
many stones and occasional embedded boulders. A scattered 
vegetation of Eurotia ceratoides, Kochia prostrata (?) — in some 
places these two are the only species, — Stipa orientalis, Acan- 
tholimon diapensioides and alatavicum, Ephedra, Oxytropis bella, 
Trigonella Emodi, and Silene caucasica are growing on the 
fine, sandy, brown soil. 
A little to the south, east of the outlet of Bulung Kul, on 
a plain sloping gently toward the north, grow many speci- 
mens of Solenanthus stylosus, Oxytropis Poncinsü, Cousinia 
rava, Hedysarum cephalotes besides the same species as are 
found on the plain near Mardjanaj, with the exception of 
Astragalus lasiosemius and Alitschuri. 
Reference may also be made to the descriptions, given 
above, of the plains near Sary Mullah (page 34), Pamirski 
Post (page 35) and Shatyr Tash (page 36), where similar vege- 
tation is to be found, composed in part of the same species, 
among which Eurotia ceratoides is always found. The plains 
near Kisil Kul and Kara Kul had a slightly different cha- 
racter; they were almost bare of plants, and those found 
were of other species. This difference is presumably due to 
the fact that the climate of northern Pamir is more severe 
than that of southern Pamir. 
Sub-formations and Associations caused by 
moisture or exposure. 
As mentioned before, the plain near Mardjanaj though 
slightly rolling is practically horizontal, and I have also 
stated that certain species seek out the depressions between 
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