Ep. pes 
has formed the subject of a special series of articles published 
by WARMING under the common title “Biology of arctic 
plants”. We see from these studies that arctic plants are 
generally low in growth, have small leaves which are often 
evergreen and in that case either leathery or thick and stiff, 
or hairy, or pinoid, juncoid or cupressoid, or convolute, and 
that the stomata are either submerged or concealed in some 
other way. 
WARMING (1909, page 254) adds, however, “deciduous foliage 
shows this xerophytic structure to little or no extent’. It 
seems to me, that in studying a list of fell-field plants, the 
one from East Greenland given by Harrz for instance, many 
species are found, which, externally at all events, do not 
show xerophytic structure: Chamaenerium latifolium, Pyrola 
grandiflora, Campanula rotundifolia, Erigeron, Arnica, Oxyria 
and others, even though these plants hardly belong to the 
very typical fell-field plants. 
However their xerophytic structure seems to me less de- 
finitely characterized than in the plants of the Pamirs, which 
have smaller leaves and are more hairy. There are probably 
no other evergreen plants among these than the two Acan- 
tholimon species and Arenaria Meyeri; the remainder, which 
either are, (or appear to be), deciduous, seem to have just as 
little xerophytic structure, — as what follows will show, — 
as the arctic deciduous plants. 
In order to give as concrete an idea as possible of the 
xerophytic adaptation of species composing the Trigonella- 
formation, I have attempted to classify their leaves in the 
various groups shown below. 
There are 11 Astragaleae, with small pinnate, always 
hairy, often sericeous leaves. 6 other speeies have pinnatifid 
or pinnate leaves. To these belong Zygophyllum Fabago; 
(a chance guest!), with smooth succulent leaves, Trigonella 
Emodi with smooth ternate leaves, and Sisymbrium Korol- 
kowii with scattered hairy leaves of an almost mesophytic 
type. Chrysanthemum pamiricum and Artemisia are very hairy, 
Cicer pungens very glandular-hairy. 
There are 7 species with small, (under 2 cm in length) 
undivided, hairy leaves, which are generally narrow. To 
